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Journal of Applied Physics

Optical spectra and analysis of Er3+ in silicon with C, O, and N impurities

D. E. Wortman, Carole A. Morrison, John L. Bradshaw

Published Sep 1, 1997• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of Er3+ in an Er-doped silicon film were recorded at 2 and 77 K over the wavelength range from 1.52 to 1.68 μm, which includes optical transitions between the Er3+ I13/24 and I15/24 manifolds. These spectra were then analyzed to determine the nature of the electrostatic field at the site of the Er ion that governs the ion’s optical behavior. The PL spectra were analyzed three different ways: by considering the Er3+ ions to be occupying sites of Td, C3, or D2d point group symmetry. Transition energies and magnetic dipole transition probabilities were calculated for each case by diagonalizing a Hamiltonian representing the free-ion and crystal-field interactions in a Russell–Saunders basis of states spanning the lowest 15 J multiplets of the 4f11 electronic configuration of Er3+. Crystal-field parameters were varied in each case to find the best agreement with the experiment. Our results showed that the site symmetry of the Er3+ ions most consistent with the data is D2d. For this case, the rms deviation between the experimental and calculated energy levels is 3.3 cm−1 with the calculated magnetic dipole transition probabilities in qualitative agreement with the experiment.

DOI
10.1063/1.366069

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Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of Er3+ in an Er-doped silicon film were recorded at 2 and 77 K over the wavelength range from 1.52 to 1.68 μm, which includes optical transitions between the Er3+ I13/24 and I15/24 manifolds. These spectra were then analyzed to determine the nature of the electrostatic field at the site of the Er ion that governs the ion’s optical behavior. The PL spectra were analyzed three different ways: by considering the Er3+ ions to be occupying sites of Td, C3, or D2d point group symmetry. Transition energies and magnetic dipole transition probabilities were calculated for each case by diagonalizing a Hamiltonian representing the free-ion and crystal-field interactions in a Russell–Saunders basis of states spanning the lowest 15 J multiplets of the 4f11 electronic configuration of Er3+. Crystal-field parameters were varied in each case to find the best agreement with the experiment. Our results showed that the site symmetry of the Er3+ ions most consistent with the data is D2d. For this case, the rms deviation between the experimental and calculated energy levels is 3.3 cm−1 with the calculated magnetic dipole transition probabilities in qualitative agreement with the experiment.
Rare earth element of erbium implanted into silicon was studied by photoluminescence,and nine spectral lines were observed.The analysis of the symmetry of crystal field shows that the nine spectral lines come from the crystal-field splitting of the transition 4I13/2→4I15/2.We concludethat the symmetry of the two low-energy excited (initial) state levels,in order of increasing energy,are Γ8 and Γ6, from which to the splitting state levels of 4I15/2 nine radiative transitions are allowed.Oxygen codopants can increase greatly the PL intensity of Er3+, but the spectral features are similar,indicating oxygen codopants can enhance the intensity of Td crystal field rather than change the Td symmetry of the crystal field on the Er3+ sites.
Erbium ions in crystals show considerable promise for the technologies that will form the backbone of future networked quantum information technology. Despite advances in leveraging erbium’s fibre-compatible infrared transition for classical and quantum applications, the transitions are, in general, not well understood. We present detailed absorption and laser site-selective spectroscopy of the C 3v (O 2 − ) centre in CaF 2 :Er 3 + as an interesting erbium site case study. The 4 I 15 / 2 Z 1 → 4 I 13 / 2 Y 1 transition has a low-temperature inhomogeneous linewidth of 1 GHz with hyperfine structure observable from the 167 Er isotope. A parametrized crystal-field Hamiltonian is fitted to 34 energy levels and the two ground state magnetic splitting factors. The wavefunctions are used to perform a transition intensity analysis and electric-dipole parameters are fitted to absorption oscillator strengths. Simulated spectra for the 4 I 11 / 2 → 4 I 15 / 2 and 4 I 13 / 2 → 4 I 15 / 2 inter-multiplet transitions are in excellent agreement with the experimentally measured spectra. The 4 I 13 / 2 excited state lifetime is 25.0 ms and the intensity calculation is in excellent agreement with this value. • Detailed spectroscopic study of the C 3v (O 2 − ) Centre in CaF 2 :Er 3 + . • Crystal-field fit to 34 energy levels and ground-state magnetic splitting. • Transition intensity analysis for the technologically relevant infrared transitions.
Er-doped Si is a promising candidate for quantum information applications due to its telecom wavelength optical transition and its compatibility with Si nanofabrication technologies. Recent spectroscopic studies based on photoluminescence excitation have shown multiple well-defined lattice sites that Er occupies in Si. Here we report a measurement of the Zeeman and hyperfine tensors of a single Er3+167 ion in Si. All the obtained tensors are highly anisotropic with the largest value principal axes aligning in nearly the same direction, and the trace of the lowest crystal field level g-tensor is 17.78±0.40. The results indicate that this specific Er site is likely to be a distorted cubic site that exhibits monoclinic (C1) symmetry. Finally, zero first-order-Zeeman fields are identified for this site and could be used to reduce decoherence of hyperfine spin states in future experiments.
The absorption spectra of the Er3+ ions embedded in the AlN matrix have been investigated. The admixture of erbium was introduced in bulk AlN crystals by diffusion. The absorption lines, which are associated with the intraconfigurational electronic f–f-transitions from the ground 4 I 15/2-state to the levels of ion Er3+ excited states have been observed in the spectral range of 370–700 nm. The transitions to the state levels 4 F 9/2, 2 H 11/2, 4 F 7/2, 4 F 5/2, 2 H 9/2, and 4 G 11/2 have been investigated in detail at the temperature T = 2 K. The number of the observed lines for these transitions coincides with the theoretically possible one for the electronic f–f-transitions in the ions Er3+, which are in the crystal field with the symmetry below cubic. The narrowness of the observed lines and their number convincingly testify the replacement of preferably one regular crystalline position by erbium ions. The implementation of Er3+ in the Al3+ position with the local symmetry C 3v appears the most probable. The energy positions of the levels of excited states for the investigated transitions have been determined. The diagram of the Er3+ ion energy levels in the AlN crystals has been built.
Er-doped Si is a promising candidate for quantum information applications due to its telecom wavelength optical transition and its compatibility with Si nanofabrication technologies. Recent spectroscopic studies based on photoluminescence excitation have shown multiple well-defined lattice sites that Er occupies in Si. Here we report a measurement of the Zeeman and hyperfine tensors of a single 167Er3+^{167}\mathrm{Er}^{3+}167Er3+ ion in Si. All the obtained tensors are highly anisotropic with the largest value principal axes aligning in nearly the same direction, and the trace of the lowest crystal field level g\mathbf{g}g-tensor is $17.78\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.40$. The results indicate that this specific Er site is likely to be a distorted cubic site that exhibits monoclinic (C1{\mathrm{C}}_{1}C1​) symmetry. Finally, zero first-order-Zeeman fields are identified for this site and could be used to reduce decoherence of hyperfine spin states in future experiments.
We show that crystal-field calculations for C_{1} point-group symmetry are possible, and that such calculations can be performed with sufficient accuracy to have substantial utility for rare-earth based quantum information applications. In particular, we perform crystal-field fitting for a C_{1}-symmetry site in ^{167}Er^{3+}:Y_{2}SiO_{5}. The calculation simultaneously includes site-selective spectroscopic data up to 20 000 cm^{-1}, rotational Zeeman data, and ground- and excited-state hyperfine structure determined from high-resolution Raman-heterodyne spectroscopy on the 1.5 μm telecom transition. We achieve an agreement of better than 50 MHz for assigned hyperfine transitions. The success of this analysis opens the possibility of systematically evaluating the coherence properties, as well as transition energies and intensities, of any rare-earth ion doped into Y_{2}SiO_{5}.