Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Analysis of a periodically modulated light beam by measurement of the moment-generating function of the number of photopulses

Felipe González, Fernando G. Moreno

Published Oct 1, 1992• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We analyze a low-intensity square-wave modulated light signal by measuring the moment-generating function of the number of photopulses, Qn(s, T). The behavior of the experimental errors in the determination of the period and the modulation factor of the signal is studied by means of a theoretical error model. A set of experimental measurements was carried out, and the results found through the Qn(s, T) measurement and by the normalized second-order factorial moment n(2)(T) are compared.

DOI
10.1364/josab.9.001904

Related papers

Signal-to-noise ratio improvement by measuring the moment generating function of the number of photopulses for low intensity periodical signals

Fernando G. Moreno, Pedro J. Valle, Jose Maria Saiz +1 more

The authors show, through the analysis of a periodically modulated light beam with a square profile, the improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio by measuring the moment generating function of the number of photopulses, Q n (s, T), with respect to the measurement of the second normalized factorial moment, n (2) (T). An experimental verification in the low light level range (1-10 photoelectrons per period) for different values of the modulation factor has been made. The results and some conclusions are presented.

Pure and Applied Optics Journal of the European Optical Society Part A•Sep 1, 1992•1 citation

Experimental Study of Periodically Modulated Light Beams by Measuring the Moment Generating Function of the Number of photopulses

F. González, Jose Maria Saiz, Pedro J. Valle +1 more

In this paper, we have characterized an intensity square wave modulated light beam of period P and visibility factor, V, by measuring the moment generating function of the number of photopulses, Qn(s,T), for only one value of the counting time, T. This has been done for different values of the parameter s. A least square fitting procedure has been used to obtain simultaneously the characterizing parameters, P and V. A set of experimental measurements has been carried out for different values of both, the mean intensity per period, m, and the visibility factor, V.

Spectroscopy Letters•Jun 1, 1993•0 citations

Analysis of a light beam with a periodically modulated intensity by triggered photon counting

M. Á. Rebolledo, J. M. Alvarez, Julio Cesar Amare

Theoretical expressions for the factorial moments of the triggered photon-counting distribution that corresponds to a light beam with a periodically modulated intensity are derived. Two triggering procedures are considered: the time-window triggering procedure (which has been experimentally checked for Gaussian light by other authors) and the first-photopulse triggering procedure (which is a faster procedure). The theoretical expressions that correspond to the latter procedure are experimentally checked in this paper by using a square-wave signal. The errors involved in the analysis of the information contained in the light beam, when this information is obtained from the measurement of the first-order factorial moment, are studied.

Journal of the Optical Society of America A•Jan 1, 1986•6 citations

Characterizing Low Light Level Signals with the Triggered Delayed Photocount Distribution

Manuel P. Cagigal, T. Ariste

The theoretical expression of the first-order factorial moment of a triggered delayed photocount distribution and a description of its SNR have been developed. We explain the adventages of this thecnique, in comparison with the second-order correlation function, when we measured a temporal signal under low light level. We derived the theoretical errors involved in determining a parameter by measuring both functions for a signal with a periodically modulated intensity, since this kind of signals usually appear in spectroscopy. We conclude that the first-order factorial moment of a triggered delayed photocount distribution is a useful tool for characterizing a signal at low; light level conditions.

Spectroscopy Letters•Mar 1, 1989•2 citations

Level-crossing detection through measurement of the second factorial moment of photon-counting distribution

M. Á. Rebolledo, J. J. Sanz

A level-crossing detection method is presented and developed based on measurement of the normalized second factorial moment n((2))(T) of the photon-counting distribution of the resultant fluorescence. Expression n((2))(T) is obtained, and the errors expected in the determination of signal width and crossing field are theoretically studied. The validity of the approximations performed to establish the theoretical model is proved by an experiment with a square-wave periodically modulated light beam.

Applied Optics•Aug 1, 1980•15 citations

Determination of the period of a low-intensity square-wave-modulated light beam by measuring a square-wave transform of the time-interval probability

Rafael J. López, M. Á. Rebolledo, Fernando G. Moreno

A photon-statistics technique that is based on the time-interval probability, W(θ), is studied. This technique consists of measuring the transform QR(X)=∫0∞W(θ)R(X,θ)dθ, where R(X, θ) is a square-wave function of frequency X. This function oscillates between one and zero as θ varies. The measurement of QR(X) can be carried out in a simple way. We study the error with which the period of a low-intensity square-wave-modulated light beam can be obtained by fitting a Lorentzian curve to the experimental values of QR(X). It is found that this technique is more accurate than the intensity-correlation technique when the intensity is small. The advantage increases as the intensity of the light beam decreases. This technique can be applied for those experiments in which oscillating-intensity light beams are obtained, the period providing the required information. For instance, it can be used in laser Doppler velocimetry and in quantum-beat spectroscopy.

Journal of the Optical Society of America A•Mar 1, 1986•7 citations
We analyze a low-intensity square-wave modulated light signal by measuring the moment-generating function of the number of photopulses, Qn(s, T). The behavior of the experimental errors in the determination of the period and the modulation factor of the signal is studied by means of a theoretical error model. A set of experimental measurements was carried out, and the results found through the Qn(s, T) measurement and by the normalized second-order factorial moment n(2)(T) are compared.
The authors show, through the analysis of a periodically modulated light beam with a square profile, the improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio by measuring the moment generating function of the number of photopulses, Q n (s, T), with respect to the measurement of the second normalized factorial moment, n (2) (T). An experimental verification in the low light level range (1-10 photoelectrons per period) for different values of the modulation factor has been made. The results and some conclusions are presented.
In this paper, we have characterized an intensity square wave modulated light beam of period P and visibility factor, V, by measuring the moment generating function of the number of photopulses, Qn(s,T), for only one value of the counting time, T. This has been done for different values of the parameter s. A least square fitting procedure has been used to obtain simultaneously the characterizing parameters, P and V. A set of experimental measurements has been carried out for different values of both, the mean intensity per period, m, and the visibility factor, V.
Theoretical expressions for the factorial moments of the triggered photon-counting distribution that corresponds to a light beam with a periodically modulated intensity are derived. Two triggering procedures are considered: the time-window triggering procedure (which has been experimentally checked for Gaussian light by other authors) and the first-photopulse triggering procedure (which is a faster procedure). The theoretical expressions that correspond to the latter procedure are experimentally checked in this paper by using a square-wave signal. The errors involved in the analysis of the information contained in the light beam, when this information is obtained from the measurement of the first-order factorial moment, are studied.
The theoretical expression of the first-order factorial moment of a triggered delayed photocount distribution and a description of its SNR have been developed. We explain the adventages of this thecnique, in comparison with the second-order correlation function, when we measured a temporal signal under low light level. We derived the theoretical errors involved in determining a parameter by measuring both functions for a signal with a periodically modulated intensity, since this kind of signals usually appear in spectroscopy. We conclude that the first-order factorial moment of a triggered delayed photocount distribution is a useful tool for characterizing a signal at low; light level conditions.
A level-crossing detection method is presented and developed based on measurement of the normalized second factorial moment n((2))(T) of the photon-counting distribution of the resultant fluorescence. Expression n((2))(T) is obtained, and the errors expected in the determination of signal width and crossing field are theoretically studied. The validity of the approximations performed to establish the theoretical model is proved by an experiment with a square-wave periodically modulated light beam.
A photon-statistics technique that is based on the time-interval probability, W(θ), is studied. This technique consists of measuring the transform QR(X)=∫0∞W(θ)R(X,θ)dθ, where R(X, θ) is a square-wave function of frequency X. This function oscillates between one and zero as θ varies. The measurement of QR(X) can be carried out in a simple way. We study the error with which the period of a low-intensity square-wave-modulated light beam can be obtained by fitting a Lorentzian curve to the experimental values of QR(X). It is found that this technique is more accurate than the intensity-correlation technique when the intensity is small. The advantage increases as the intensity of the light beam decreases. This technique can be applied for those experiments in which oscillating-intensity light beams are obtained, the period providing the required information. For instance, it can be used in laser Doppler velocimetry and in quantum-beat spectroscopy.