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Optics and Spectroscopy

Intensity correlation function of field backscattered by two isotropic atoms

Vyacheslav Shatokhin, S. Ya. Kilin

Published Mar 1, 2010• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

It is shown that the temporal intensity correlation function of laser light backscattered by two isotropic atoms displays the photon antibunching property in a helicity-conserving polarization channel. A simple qualitative explanation to this effect is given, results of numerical calculations that support the qualitative analysis are presented, and possibilities of the experimental observation of this effect are discussed.

DOI
10.1134/s0030400x10030203

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It is shown that the temporal intensity correlation function of laser light backscattered by two isotropic atoms displays the photon antibunching property in a helicity-conserving polarization channel. A simple qualitative explanation to this effect is given, results of numerical calculations that support the qualitative analysis are presented, and possibilities of the experimental observation of this effect are discussed.
Coherent backscattering of light by optically dense atomic ensembles is considered. The spectrum of scattered radiation is studied. The dynamics of the total intensity and enhancement factor is considered in the case of scattering of pulsed radiation. The spectral and temporal characteristics of coherent backscattering are analysed depending on the observation conditions. As an example, calculations are performed for an ensemble of 85 Rb atoms in a magnetooptical trap. It is shown that analysis of the correlation and dynamic properties of scattered radiation makes it possible to separate contributions from different orders of scattering and thereby to study the process of radiation trapping in dense media in more detail.
We study the impact of double- and triple-scattering contributions on coherent backscattering of laser light from saturated isotropic atoms in the helicity-preserving polarization channel. By using the recently proposed diagrammatic pump-probe approach, we analytically derive single-atom spectral responses to a classical polychromatic driving field, combine them self-consistently to double- and triple-scattering processes, and numerically deduce the corresponding elastic and inelastic spectra, as well as the total backscattered intensities. We find that accounting for the triple-scattering contribution leads to a faster decay of phase-coherence with increasing saturation of the atomic transition as compared with double scattering alone and to a better agreement with the experiment on strontium atoms.
The normalised intensity correlation function of resonance fluorescence radiation from two-level atoms is studied in various respects. In the first part of the paper the author discusses only interference effects for several uncoupled, linearly arranged, atoms. It is shown that, depending on the distance between the atoms, the direction of observation and the strength of the driving field, an antibunching effect as well as a very big bunching effect may be observed. In the second part of the paper he studies for the case of two atoms and weak external fields the influence of the interaction between the atoms by means of a perturbation theory. It is shown that the coupling between the atoms strongly modifies the normalised intensity correlation function in comparison with the case of uncoupled atoms. He takes as the driving field a coherent external field as well as laser light and thermal light.
The equal-time intensity correlation function and variances of the in-phase and out-of-phase components of the electric field radiated by a system of two interacting atoms in the process of resonance fluorescence are calculated analytically for arbitrary values of the field strength, interatomic interaction, and detuning and are illustrated graphically. It is shown that not only photon antibuching but also squeezing can occur in two-atom resonance fluorescence. The influence of dipole-dipole interaction between the atoms on both nonclassical effects is discussed. It is shown that a considerable amount of photon antibunching and squeezing can be obtained for finite detuning of the laser frequency from atomic resonance, especially when the detuning and dipole-dipole interaction parameters cancel out mutually. The maximum value of squeezing for interacting atoms is shown to be less, however, than that for noninteracting atoms. Very strong dipole-dipole interaction reduces the squeezing effect to zero.
We report the first observation of coherent backscattering of light from a sample of laser-cooled atoms. Rubidium 85 atoms are captured from a room-temperature vapor in a magneto-optical trap, and illuminated with a laser probe. The angular intensity distribution of the backscattered light is recorded on a cooled CCD detector. We observe a small enhancement factor in all polarization channels, including the helicity preserving channel where the enhancement is only 1.08. This surprising observation is attributed to the existence of contrast reduction processes involving the atom's internal structure.
We suggest that the statistical properties of the scattered radiation in resonance-fluorescence experiments may be affected significantly by the existence of atomic correlations. The scattered light spectrum from two- and three-atom collective systems has been calculated and compared with the one-atom spectrum. The differences are quite significant for weak fields, but become less pronounced as the intensity of the driving field is increased. In addition, we have calculated the scattered intensity correlation function for collectively interacting systems, and found that its behavior is very different from that of the single-atom intensity correlation function, both for weak and strong incident fields. The implications of our findings for the observation of photon antibunching are also discussed.