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Physica Scripta

Quantum Optics Experiments with Atoms

Hans‐A. Bachor, David E. McClelland

Published Jan 1, 1992• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum fluctuations of light ultimately limit the sensitivity of spectroscopic measurements. The quantum properties of coherent laser light and of nonclassical types of light are reviewed. Two recent experiments are described which generate light with supperessed quantum noise, pointing the way to improved and more sensitive measurements.

DOI
10.1088/0031-8949/1992/t40/005

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Quantum fluctuations of light ultimately limit the sensitivity of spectroscopic measurements. The quantum properties of coherent laser light and of nonclassical types of light are reviewed. Two recent experiments are described which generate light with supperessed quantum noise, pointing the way to improved and more sensitive measurements.
This paper gives an introduction to quantum noise and the limits it places on optical measurements. Squeezed states of light, and their representation on phasor diagrams, are then introduced. The use of squeezed states to improve interferometric measurements is described. Quantum non-demolition measurements are discussed, with particular reference to their use in high sensitivity absorption experiments. Finally, sources of some other types of non-classical light and possible experiments making use of these sources are considered.
Squeezed states of the electromagnetic field are characterized by a reduction of fluctuations for one of two quadrature phase amplitudes below the level of fluctuations for the vacuum state. This reduction is a manifestly quantum or nonclassical feature which is of great interest in its own right but also potentially important for precision measurement with sensitivity beyond the shot-noise or vacuum-state limit. We describe three different experiments in which squeezed light has been generated in our laboratory involving parametric downconversion, intracavity frequency doubling, and optical bistability with two-state atoms. By employing the squeezed light produced by a subthreshold optical parametric oscillator, we have achieved improvements in sensitivity beyond the vacuum-state limit for the detection of both phase and amplitude changes of the electromagnetic field. An alternate route to sensitivity beyond the vacuum-state limit is through quantum nondemolition measurement, where we have suggested and are implementing a scheme involving parametric conversion and polarization mixing.
High quality light, whenever coherent light and nonclassical light, is more and more widely used in many filed.The coherent state behave minimum classical noise and better coherence, is mostly important light in quantum information, precise measurement and quantum metrology etc.In quantum information and quantum optics, a coherent light is used to entanglement generation (Ou, Z. et al. 1992), quantum teleportation (Furusawa, A. et al. 1998A.et al. ), quantum computation (Menicucci, N. et al. 2006) and quantum secret sharing (Lance, A. et al. 2004).The quiet laser beam, shot noise limited laser beam is important in above application.In the past 20 years there has been much interest in the generation and application of various nonclassical light sources, such as squeezed-state entanglement, quantum-correlated twin beams, and sub-poissonian light, for which improved signal-to-noise ratios and measurement precision beyond the quantum-noise limit are anticipated.In particular, subpoissonian light is a promising light source in quantum information and optical communication because of its communication capacity (
We review studies of the fluctuations of light made accessible by the invention of the laser and the strong interactions realized in cavity QED experiments. Photon antibunching advocating the discrete (particles), is contrasted with amplitude squeezing which speaks of the continuous (waves). The tension between particles and waves is demonstrated by a recent experiment which combines the measurement strategies used to observe these nonclassical behaviors of light [Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3149 (2000)].
Optical techniques are widely used in many areas of science and technology to make accurate measurements and diagnostics, from microscopy, spectroscopy, chemical analysis, to gravitational wave detection and ranging. There are many reasons for this: light allows us to extract information in a remote and non-destructive way, it carries information in a massively parallel way, and perhaps more importantly, optical measurements can reach very high precision and sensitivity levels. It is therefore important to know what is the ultimate limit of sensitivity that can be possibly achieved in the estimation of a physical parameter p that is encoded in a light beam of fixed mean photon number N. This limit is imposed by the unavoidable quantum fluctuations of light and depends on the quantum state of light that conveys the information about p. When the light is in a coherent state, this limit is called ‘standard quantum limit’ and scales as 1/N1/2.
As a direct result of the quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation, all forms of light exhibit inherent and unavoidable random fluctuations. Because these fluctuations reveal information about the nature of light and the underlying processes that generate it, they have received considerable attention since the time of Einstein. But they are also a source of noise that limits the accuracy with which information can be transmitted by a beam of light. Although experiments often still struggle with instrumental noise, some are quickly approaching the measurement limits set by the quantum-statistical nature of light. With the help of new techniques to “squeeze” the uncertainty of light, researchers can now conduct experiments with greater precision than possible with laser light. The generation of various forms of squeezed light in recent years has raised hopes for its application to such diverse areas as gravity-wave detection based on optical interferometry and reduced-error lightwave communications.