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InTech eBooks

Optoelectronics in Suppression Noise of Light

Jiangrui Gao, Kui Liu, Shuzhen Cui, Junxiang Zhang

Published Oct 3, 2011• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

High quality light, whenever coherent light and nonclassical light, is more and more widely used in many filed.The coherent state behave minimum classical noise and better coherence, is mostly important light in quantum information, precise measurement and quantum metrology etc.In quantum information and quantum optics, a coherent light is used to entanglement generation (Ou, Z. et al. 1992), quantum teleportation (Furusawa, A. et al. 1998A.et al. ), quantum computation (Menicucci, N. et al. 2006) and quantum secret sharing (Lance, A. et al. 2004).The quiet laser beam, shot noise limited laser beam is important in above application.In the past 20 years there has been much interest in the generation and application of various nonclassical light sources, such as squeezed-state entanglement, quantum-correlated twin beams, and sub-poissonian light, for which improved signal-to-noise ratios and measurement precision beyond the quantum-noise limit are anticipated.In particular, subpoissonian light is a promising light source in quantum information and optical communication because of its communication capacity (

DOI
10.5772/20700

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High quality light, whenever coherent light and nonclassical light, is more and more widely used in many filed.The coherent state behave minimum classical noise and better coherence, is mostly important light in quantum information, precise measurement and quantum metrology etc.In quantum information and quantum optics, a coherent light is used to entanglement generation (Ou, Z. et al. 1992), quantum teleportation (Furusawa, A. et al. 1998A.et al. ), quantum computation (Menicucci, N. et al. 2006) and quantum secret sharing (Lance, A. et al. 2004).The quiet laser beam, shot noise limited laser beam is important in above application.In the past 20 years there has been much interest in the generation and application of various nonclassical light sources, such as squeezed-state entanglement, quantum-correlated twin beams, and sub-poissonian light, for which improved signal-to-noise ratios and measurement precision beyond the quantum-noise limit are anticipated.In particular, subpoissonian light is a promising light source in quantum information and optical communication because of its communication capacity (
Squeezed state light is a nonclassical optical field which has extensive potential applications in optical measurement with high sensitivity exceeding the standard quantum limit as well as in optical communications and quantum information with extremely low noise. This has given birth to cross-disciplines of physics and information science. An overview is presented of the generation of squeezed state light fields and their important applications in sub-shot-noise-limit optical measurement and quantum information research.
Non-classical states of light, which include squeezed and entangled states of light, are the cornerstone of quantum mechanics and quantum information sciences. To date, non-classical states of light with much higher quality than before are required to develop high-fidelity quantum information processing and high-precision quantum metrology. Squeezed and entangled states with approximately 10 dB noise below the corresponding shot noise limit have been generated using a series of methods, which means that the noise variance reaches a few percent of the vacuum noise. Quantum teleportation, which means transferring an unknown quantum state from a sending station to a distant receiving station supported by entangled states, is the foundation of quantum computation and quantum communication networks. Quantum teleportation in continuous variable regions is unconditional because the entangled states used are always deterministic. The quantum teleportation distance was recently extended to the order of kilometers, which paves the way for constructing a practical quantum information network.
The author reviews methods for generating sub-Poissonian light and related concepts. This light has energy fluctuations reduced below the level which corresponds to a classical Poissonian process (shot-noise level). After an introduction to the concept of nonclassical light, an overview is given of the main methods of quantum-noise reduction. Sub-Poissonian processes are exemplified in different areas of optics, ranging from single-atom resonance fluorescence to nonlinear optics, laser physics, and cavity quantum electrodynamics. Emphasis is placed on the conceptual foundations, and on developments in laser theory that lead to the possibility, already demonstrated experimentally, of linewidth narrowing and sub-Poissonian light generation in lasers and masers. The sources of quantum noise in these devices are analyzed, and four noise-suppression methods are discussed in detail: regularization of the pumping, suppression of spontaneous-emission noise, nonadiabatic evolution of the atomic variables, and twin-beam generation.
The optical shot-noise limit of a laser beam represents the classical limit in precision and signal to noise ratio achievable in optical sensors and imaging systems. It is known that quantum states of light, such as squeezed light and quantum correlated twin beams can be used to enhance precision and signal to noise ratio to beyond this limit. This promises optical sensors with fundamentally superior performance to the state of the art. While quantum-enhanced signal to noise ratio has been demonstrated with macroscopic powers of squeezed probe beam, demonstrations of quantum enhanced precision have remained at extremely low powers of light (femto-Watts). Here we will give examples where increasing SNR with quantum light is not sufficient to increase precision and we will review proof of principle experiments that have demonstrated sub shot noise precision, including for absorption spectroscopy and imaging. We will also report our efforts to achieve this sub-shot-noise precision performance for transmission measurement with ~0.1mW of average probe power, equating to ~10W peak power in a pulsed experiment. Time permitting, we will discuss how integrated optics and integrated electronics enables 10s GHz bandwidth in the detection of squeezed light, for integrated quantum sensor technology.
As a direct result of the quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation, all forms of light exhibit inherent and unavoidable random fluctuations. Because these fluctuations reveal information about the nature of light and the underlying processes that generate it, they have received considerable attention since the time of Einstein. But they are also a source of noise that limits the accuracy with which information can be transmitted by a beam of light. Although experiments often still struggle with instrumental noise, some are quickly approaching the measurement limits set by the quantum-statistical nature of light. With the help of new techniques to “squeeze” the uncertainty of light, researchers can now conduct experiments with greater precision than possible with laser light. The generation of various forms of squeezed light in recent years has raised hopes for its application to such diverse areas as gravity-wave detection based on optical interferometry and reduced-error lightwave communications.
Coherent lightwave communications systems are approaching a limit where the error rates and channel capacities are limited by the quantum properties of light. This is often referred to as the shot-noise limit. If ideal laser light is used in the system, there is no way to avoid this limit. However, new states of the light field called squeezed states have recently been developed that allow an improvement in error rates below the shot-noise limit. Squeezed light concepts and recent experiments are reviewed with emphasis on aspects important to coherent communications. It is shown that channel capacity can be improved using squeezed light by only a factor of two. Larger improvements are in principle possible for error rates, e.g. a factor of three reduction in the number of required photons per bit for a 10/sup -9/ bit error rate. An example of a recent high-performance system is described where optical losses and electronic noise reduce the improvement expected using squeezed light to the 10-20% level. It is concluded that squeezed light only offers significant improvement in bit error rates for very-high-efficiency systems.>