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Frontiers in Optics

Electric Quadrupole Transitions to Rydberg States and Anomalous Fine Structure Ratios in Ultracold 85Rb

D. Tong, S. M. Farooqi, E. G. M. van Kempen, Edward E. Eyler, P. L. Gould

Published Jan 1, 2006• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Unexpectedly strong 5s→nd electric quadrupole transitions have been observed in a 85Rb MOT. We also report on the nonstatistical ratio of the fine-structure components of the dipole-allowed 5s→np transitions.
DOI
10.1364/ls.2006.ltua5

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We report the observation of dipole-forbidden, but quadrupole-allowed, one-photon transitions to high-Rydberg states in Rb. Using pulsed uv excitation of ultracold atoms in a magneto-optical trap, we excite $5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}nd$ transitions over a range of principal quantum numbers n=27−−59n=27--59n=27−−59. Compared to dipole-allowed (E1) transitions from $5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}np$, these E2 transitions are weaker by a factor of approximately 2000. We also report measurements of the anomalous np3/2:np1/2n{p}_{3/2}:n{p}_{1/2}np3/2​:np1/2​ fine-structure transition strength ratio for n=28−−75n=28--75n=28−−75. Both results are in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Measurements of the linear polarization degree of the $5p{}^{2}{P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}8p{}^{2}{P}_{{j}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ transitions ${(j}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1/2,3/2)$ in atomic 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb are reported. The radiative transitions are electric-dipole forbidden, but electric-quadrupole allowed. In addition, because of the relatively strong spin-orbit interaction in Rb, the $p\ensuremath{-}p$ transitions can acquire a magnetic-dipole transition strength that may be a measurable fraction of the electric-quadrupole strength. The polarization measurements can generally provide a different and sensitive way to extract the relative transition strengths. We have measured the linear polarization degree of the $5p{}^{2}{P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}8p{}^{2}{P}_{{j}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ transitions over a wide range of Rb density. We report here observations of a different depolarization effect, whereby the measured polarization of the $5s{}^{2}{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5p{}^{2}{P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}8p{}^{2}{P}_{1/2}$ transition increases, while that for the $5s{}^{2}{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5p{}^{2}{P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}8p{}^{2}{P}_{3/2}$ transition decreases with increasing Rb density. The behavior is attributed to strong laser field effects associated with the $5s{}^{2}{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5p{}^{2}{P}_{3/2}$ resonance transition.
Van der Waals interactions are interactions between dipoles. Similarly, quadrupole-quadrupole interactions are interactions between quadrupoles. In this article, we focus on the interactions between two dipoles or two quadrupoles. Classically, we treat one Rydberg atom as a dipole; an outer excited electron and an ion core are the two poles of a dipole. Quantum mechanically, we consider Rydberg transition dipoles. Therefore, dipole-dipole interactions are the interactions between two Rydberg atoms. Rydberg atoms have quadrupole components; consequently, the interactions between two Rydberg atoms have quadrupole-quadrupole interaction components. In this article, we examine the dipole-dipole and quadrupole-quadrupole contribution to the interactions between ultracold Rydberg atoms. It is shown that the evidence of quadrupole-blockade has been observed, which is essential for fabricating more compact quantum computers, quantum electronics, as well as quantum sensing.
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New phenomena have been observed by exciting ultracold ground-state atoms to Rydberg states. Starting with a dense sample of Rb atoms in a magneto-optical trap, we excite them to high Rydberg states (n = 30 - 90) with a single UV excitation pulse. Long-range molecular resonances with interatomic distances exceeding 104 a0 have been discovered. We have also observed the Rydberg excitation blockade, crucial for the implementation of quantum phase gates using neutral atoms. The physics behind these observations is attributed to the strong long-range van der Waals interactions among the Rydberg atoms. In addition, we have seen dipole (E1) forbidden but quadrupole (E2) allowed 5s → nd transitions, allowing us to determine the E2 oscillator strengths to these high Rydberg states. Our narrow-band UV pulsed laser system, with ∼100 MHz bandwidth, also allows us to measure the ratios of j-dependent oscillator strengths to the p and d Rydberg states. ^