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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Quantum processing photonic states in optical lattices

Christine A. Muschik, Inés de Vega, Diego Porras, J. I. Cirac

Published Jun 1, 2007• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In a quantum network, transmission of quantum states is performed by photonic channels, which distribute them between remote locations. However, the storage and manipulation of the photons is more problematic. Recently, several schemes have been proposed to store photons efficiently by interfacing the photonic channel with an atomic system, i.e. an atomic ensemble. In those schemes, the photonic input state is transferred to a collective atomic state. But the manipulation of photonic states requires the ability to perform entangling operations. We show how to do this manipulation and perform a deterministic entangling gate between photons. To this order, we interface a system of cold neutral atoms in an optical lattice with the photonic channel, such that now the atoms are not only used to store information, but also to process it by means of cold controlled collisions in the lattice.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2007.4386726

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In a quantum network, transmission of quantum states is performed by photonic channels, which distribute them between remote locations. However, the storage and manipulation of the photons is more problematic. Recently, several schemes have been proposed to store photons efficiently by interfacing the photonic channel with an atomic system, i.e. an atomic ensemble. In those schemes, the photonic input state is transferred to a collective atomic state. But the manipulation of photonic states requires the ability to perform entangling operations. We show how to do this manipulation and perform a deterministic entangling gate between photons. To this order, we interface a system of cold neutral atoms in an optical lattice with the photonic channel, such that now the atoms are not only used to store information, but also to process it by means of cold controlled collisions in the lattice.
In this chapter, we present a proposal for the realization of an entangling gate for photons. The protocol works deterministically and is experimentally feasible under realistic conditions. We start outlining the general problem of quantum information processing with photons and describe the current status in this field. Then we introduce the proposed scheme and present its main features. This part is followed by a review of the concepts and procedures employed in our proposal. Finally, we explain the quantum gate, in detail, in the last section of this chapter, where we also briefly discuss the performance of the gate in the presence of imperfections. 26.1.1 Quantum information processing with light Photons play a key role in applications of quantum information because they are ideally suited to transmit quantum states between distant sites. This feature makes them indispensable for the realization of quantum communication protocols and the construction of quantum networks. While being a good flying carrier of information, photons are naturally less adequate for storage than the long-lived matter degrees of freedom. For this reason, matter systems are employed as quantum memories. In order to combine both elements in a quantum network (i.e., photons as flying qubits and atoms as memory devices), light-matter interface schemes have been developed to transfer quantum states of light onto an atomic system. Some of these schemes are based on quantum-nondemolition interactions, electromagnetically induced transparency, and Raman processes. Moreover, Raman processes have been used to entangle two distant atomic ensembles, which is an important step to realize quantum repeaters and, thus to solve the problem of losses and decoherence that exists in a photonic channel. Apart from the transmission and storage of information, in a quantum network it is necessary to process quantum states. However, manipulation of quantum states of light is still challenging, since it requires the ability to create entanglement between photons. This task is difficult because photons are noninteracting particles, in principle. One possibility to entangle photons is to employ materials that possess optical nonlinearities, but so far, there are no materials available whose nonlinearities are strong enough to allow for short gate times. An alternative approach was put forward by Knill et al., which requires only linear optical operations and measurements. However, this scheme is probabilistic and not very efficient in practice. In this chapter, we present a scheme for the realization of a deterministic entangling gate for photons by using an atom lattice. An atom lattice consists of an ensemble of cold atoms loaded in the periodic optical potential created by a standing wave. In order to use the lattice as a quantum register for quantum computation, it is necessary to prepare it in a Mott insulating phase, in which the number of atoms in each site of the potential (i.e., in each of its minima) is approximately constant, and set equal to 1.
The mapping of photonic states to collective excitations of atomic ensembles is a powerful tool which finds a useful application in the realization of quantum memories and quantum repeaters. In this work we show that cold atoms in optical lattices can be used to perform an entangling unitary operation on the transferred atomic excitations. After the release of the quantum atomic state, our protocol results in a deterministic two qubit gate for photons. The proposed scheme is feasible with current experimental techniques and robust against the dominant sources of noise.
We review novel methods for the investigation, control and manipulation of neutral atoms in optical lattices. These setups allow unprecedented quantum control over large numbers of atoms and thus are very promising for applications in quantum information processing. After introducing optical lattices we discuss the superfluid (SF) and Mott insulating (MI) states of neutral atoms trapped in such lattices and investigate the SF-MI transition as observed experimentally recently. In the second part of the paper we give an overview of proposals for quantum information processing and show different ways to entangle the trapped atoms, in particular the usage of cold collisions and Rydberg atoms. Finally, we discuss briefly the implementation of quantum simulators, entanglement enhanced atom interferometers, and ideas for robust quantum memory in optical lattices.
In this Invited Paper, we will summarize our vision for quantum networks based on arrays of individual neutral atoms. With a photonic interface such as an optical cavity, some atoms in the array – the “communication” qubits – can establish remote entanglement while others – the “data” qubits – are used for large-scale quantum information processing or for quantum-enhanced metrology via an atomic clock transition. Deterministic gates within the array will enable operations and algorithms that are distributed among all the qubits in two or more nodes. Additionally, we will discuss our efforts to realize this vision with arrays of ytterbium-171 atoms in optical tweezers, in which telecom-band photons can be directly entangled with nuclear spin qubits without the need for wavelength conversion.