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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Coherent states in quaternionic quantum mechanics

Stephen L. Adler, Andrew C. Millard

Published May 1, 1997• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We develop Perelomov’s coherent states formalism to include the case of a quaternionic Hilbert space. We find that, because of the closure requirement, an attempted quaternionic generalization of the special nilpotent or Weyl group reduces to the normal complex case. For the case of the compact group SU(2), however, coherent states can be formulated using the quaternionic half-integer spin matrices of Finkelstein, Jauch, and Speiser, giving a nontrivial quaternionic analog of coherent states.

DOI
10.1063/1.531961

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We develop Perelomov’s coherent states formalism to include the case of a quaternionic Hilbert space. We find that, because of the closure requirement, an attempted quaternionic generalization of the special nilpotent or Weyl group reduces to the normal complex case. For the case of the compact group SU(2), however, coherent states can be formulated using the quaternionic half-integer spin matrices of Finkelstein, Jauch, and Speiser, giving a nontrivial quaternionic analog of coherent states.
As earlier conjectured by several authors and much later established by Solèr, from the lattice-theory point of view, Quantum Mechanics may be formulated in real, complex or quaternionic Hilbert spaces only. On the other hand, no quantum systems seem to exist that are naturally described in a real or quaternionic Hilbert space. In a previous paper [23], we showed that any quantum system which is elementary from the viewpoint of the Poincaré symmetry group and it is initially described in a real Hilbert space, it can also be described within the standard complex Hilbert space framework. This complex description is unique and more precise than the real one as, for instance, in the complex description, all self-adjoint operators represent observables defined by the symmetry group. The complex picture fulfils the thesis of Solér’s theorem and permits the standard formulation of the quantum Noether’s theorem. The present work is devoted to investigate the remaining case, namely, the possibility of a description of a relativistic elementary quantum system in a quaternionic Hilbert space. Everything is done exploiting recent results of the quaternionic spectral theory that were independently developed. In the initial part of this work, we extend some results of group representation theory and von Neumann algebra theory from the real and complex cases to the quaternionic Hilbert space case. We prove the double commutant theorem also for quaternionic von Neumann algebras (whose proof requires a different procedure with respect to the real and complex cases) and we extend to the quaternionic case a result established in the previous paper concerning the classification of irreducible von Neumann algebras into three categories. In the second part of the paper, we consider an elementary relativistic system within Wigner’s approach defined as a locally-faithful irreducible strongly-continuous unitary representation of the Poincaré group in a quaternionic Hilbert space. We prove that, if the squared-mass operator is non-negative, the system admits a natural, Poincaré invariant and unique up to sign, complex structure which commutes with the whole algebra of observables generated by the representation itself. This complex structure leads to a physically equivalent reformulation of the theory in a complex Hilbert space. Within this complex formulation, differently from what happens in the quaternionic one, all self-adjoint operators represent observables in agreement with Solèr’s thesis, the standard quantum version of Noether theorem may be formulated and the notion of composite system may be given in terms of tensor product of elementary systems. In the third part of the paper, we focus on the physical hypotheses adopted to define a quantum elementary relativistic system relaxing them on the one hand, and making our model physically more general on the other hand. We use a physically more accurate notion of irreducibility regarding the algebra of observables only, we describe the symmetries in terms of automorphisms of the restricted lattice of elementary propositions of the quantum system and we adopt a notion of continuity referred to the states viewed as probability measures on the elementary propositions. Also in this case, the final result proves that there exists a unique (up to sign) Poincaré invariant complex structure making the theory complex and completely fitting into Solèr’s picture. The overall conclusion is that relativistic elementary systems are naturally and better described in complex Hilbert spaces even if starting from a real or quaternionic Hilbert space formulation and this complex description is uniquely fixed by physics.
A generalization of the Perelomov procedure for the construction of coherent states is proposed. The new procedure is used to construct systems of coherent states in the carrier spaces of unitary irreducible representations of groups G=S∅V, where V is a vector space and S⊂GL(V). The coherent states are shown to be labeled by the points in cotangent bundles T*𝒪* of orbits 𝒪* of S in V*, the dual of V; it is proven that T*𝒪* is a symplectic homogeneous space of G. The generalized procedure for the construction of coherent states presented in this paper is shown to encompass as special cases the constructions known in the literature for the coherent states of the Weyl–Heisenberg, the ‘‘ax+b,’’ and the Galilei and Poincaré groups. Moreover, completely new sets of coherent states are constructed for the Euclidean group E(n), where the Perelomov construction fails.
We present a possible construction of coherent states on the unit circle as configuration space. Our approach is based on Borel quantizations on S 1 including the Aharonov–Bohm-type quantum description. Coherent states are constructed by Perelomov's method as group-related coherent states generated by Weyl operators on the quantum phase space . Because of the duality of canonical coordinates and momenta, i.e. the angular variable and the integers, this formulation can also be interpreted as coherent states over an infinite periodic chain. For the construction, we use the analogy with our quantization and coherent states over a finite periodic chain where the quantum phase space was . The coherent states constructed in this work are shown to satisfy the resolution of unity. To compare them with canonical coherent states, some of their further properties are also studied demonstrating similarities as well as substantial differences. This article is part of a special issue of Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical devoted to 'Coherent states: mathematical and physical aspects'.
A general scheme is proposed for constructing vector coherent states, in analogy with the well-known canonical coherent states, and their deformed versions, when these latter are expressed as infinite series in powers of a complex variable z. In the present scheme, the variable z is replaced by matrix valued functions over appropriate domains. As particular examples, we analyze the quaternionic extensions of the canonical coherent states and the Gilmore–Perelomov and Barut–Girardello coherent states arising from representations of SU(1,1). Possible physical applications are indicated.
A general scheme is proposed for constructing vector coherent states, in analogy with the well-known canonical coherent states, and their deformed versions, when these latter are expressed as infinite series in powers of a complex variable zzz. In the present scheme, the variable zzz is replaced by a matrix valued function over appropriate domains. As particular examples, we analyze the quaternionic extensions of the the canonical coherent states and the Gilmore-Perelomov and Barut-Girardello coherent states arising from representations of SU(1,1).