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Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

Dynamics of Quadruply Quantized Vortices in 87Rb Bose–Einstein Condensates Confined in Magnetic and Optical Traps

T. Kuwamoto, Hayato Usuda, 賢 東條, Takuya Hirano

Published Mar 10, 2010• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We studied the dynamics of quadruply quantized vortices in 87 Rb Bose–Einstein condensates. Vortices were created in magnetically trapped condensates with hyperfine spin F = 2 by employing topological phase imprinting technique, wherein the direction of atomic spin is adiabatically reversed by applying a bias magnetic field. Vortices were observed for a holding time of up to 10 ms. Disappearance of the vortices was attributed to considerable expansion and excitation of the condensates, which were caused by the distortion of the magnetic potential. In order to observe the long-term behavior of the vortices, we transferred the condensates to a crossed-type optical dipole force trap after creating the vortices. In this case, the vortices were observed for a holding time of up to 22 ms. We also observed density profiles, which indicated the presence of split vortices.

DOI
10.1143/jpsj.79.034004

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We studied the dynamics of quadruply quantized vortices in 87 Rb Bose–Einstein condensates. Vortices were created in magnetically trapped condensates with hyperfine spin F = 2 by employing topological phase imprinting technique, wherein the direction of atomic spin is adiabatically reversed by applying a bias magnetic field. Vortices were observed for a holding time of up to 10 ms. Disappearance of the vortices was attributed to considerable expansion and excitation of the condensates, which were caused by the distortion of the magnetic potential. In order to observe the long-term behavior of the vortices, we transferred the condensates to a crossed-type optical dipole force trap after creating the vortices. In this case, the vortices were observed for a holding time of up to 22 ms. We also observed density profiles, which indicated the presence of split vortices.
We studied the nucleation of quadruple-quantized vortices in Bose–Einstein condensates confined in a quadrupole-Ioffe-configuration (QUIC) magnetic trap by means of the topological phase imprinting method, wherein the initially aligned atomic spins were adiabatically reversed by applying an external bias magnetic field. We calculated the change in the magnetic field distributions of the trap when a homogeneous or a gradient bias field was applied for reversing the spins, and almost the same results were obtained for both cases. We applied the gradient bias field using a single coil because of its simplicity and stability. Vortices were successfully created at the reversal time of atomic spins between 2 and 16 ms. Moreover, the vortices were observed at a holding time of up to 9 ms in the magnetic trap after a constant reversal time of 5 ms.
A quadruply-charged quantized vortex has been created successfully in the 87 Rb Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC). The condensate was confined in a cloverleaf magnetic trap, and the vortex was formed by the reversal of the axial magnetic field. The vortex could be observed only in a holding time of about 1 ms, which was much shorter than that reported in the Na BEC, and the vortex position was also unstable in the BEC. To overcome these experimental difficulties, we took the following two measures and improved the vortex formation: (i) axial confinement with a FORT, which prevents the BEC from axial expansion after the field reversal, and (ii) compensation of gravity with a blue-detuned laser beam, which removes the gravitational sag.
We investigate several mechanisms of vortex creation during splitting of a spinor Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a magnetic double-well trap controlled by a pair of current carrying wires and bias magnetic fields. Our study is motivated by a recent MIT experiment on splitting BECs with a similar trap [Y. Shin et al., Phys. Rev. A 72, 021604 (2005)], where an unexpected fork-like structure appeared in the interference fringes indicating the presence of a singly quantized vortex in one of the interfering condensates. It is well known that in a spin-1 BEC in a quadrupole trap, a doubly quantized vortex is topologically produced by a ``slow'' reversal of bias magnetic field Bz{B}_{z}Bz​. Since in the experiment a doubly quantized vortex had never been seen, Shin et al. ruled out the topological mechanism and concentrated on the nonadiabatic mechanical mechanism for explanation of the vortex creation. We find, however, that in the magnetic trap considered both mechanisms are possible: singly quantized vortices can be formed in a spin-1 BEC topologically (for example, during the magnetic field switching-off process). We therefore provide a possible alternative explanation for the interference patterns observed in the experiment. We also present a numerical example of creation of singly quantized vortices due to ``fast'' splitting; i.e., by a dynamical (nonadiabatic) mechanism.
In this review, we give an overview of the experimental and theoretical advances in the physics of quantized vortices in dilute atomic-gas Bose--Einstein condensates in a trapping potential, especially focusing on experimental research activities and their theoretical interpretations. Making good use of the atom optical technique, the experiments have revealed many novel structural and dynamic properties of quantized vortices by directly visualizing vortex cores from an image of the density profiles. These results lead to a deep understanding of superfluid hydrodynamics of such systems. Typically, vortices are stabilized by a rotating potential created by a laser beam, magnetic field, and thermal gas. Finite size effects and inhomogeneity of the system, originating from the confinement by the trapping potential, yield unique vortex dynamics coupled with the collective excitations of the condensate. Measuring the frequencies of the collective modes is an accurate tool for clarifying the character of the vortex state. The topics included in this review are the mechanism of vortex formation, equilibrium properties, and dynamics of a single vortex and those of a vortex lattice in a rapidly rotating condensate.
In this work we study a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb under the effects of an oscillatory excitation. The condensate is produced through forced evaporative cooling by radio-frequency in a harmonic magnetic trap. The excitation is generated by an oscillatory quadrupole field superimposed on the trapping potential. For a fixed value of the frequency of the excitation we observe the production of different regimes in the condensate as a function of two parameters of the excitation: the time and the amplitude. For the lowest values of these parameters we observe a bending of the main axis of the condensate. This demonstrates that the excitation is able to transfer angular momentum into the sample. By increasing the time or the amplitude of the excitation we observe the nucleation of an increasing number of quantized vortices. If the value of the parameters of the excitation is increased even further the vortices evolve into a different regime which we have identified as quantum turbulence. In this regime, the vortices are tangled among each other, generating a highly irregular array. For the highest values of the excitation the condensate breaks into pieces surrounded by a thermal cloud. This constitutes a different regime which we have identified as granulation. We present numerical simulations together with other theoretical considerations which allow us to interpret our observations. In this thesis we also describe the construction of a second experimental setup whose objective is to study magnetic properties of a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb. In this new system the condensate is produced in a hybrid trap which combines a magnetic trap with an optical dipole trap. Bose-Einstein condensation has been already achieved in the new apparatus; experiments will be performed in the near future.
Vortices were imprinted in a Bose-Einstein condensate using topological phases. Sodium condensates held in a Ioffe-Pritchard magnetic trap were transformed from a nonrotating state to one with quantized circulation by adiabatically inverting the magnetic bias field along the trap axis. Using surface wave spectroscopy, the axial angular momentum per particle of the vortex states was found to be consistent with 2 variant Planck's over 2pi or 4 variant Planck's over 2pi, depending on the hyperfine state of the condensate.