We obtain the low-lying energy-momentum spectrum for the imaginary-time lattice quantum field model associated with d -dimensional lattice ferromagnetic classical N -component vector spin systems at high temperature (0 < β << 1). Each system is characterized by a single site a priori spin probability distribution. The energy-momentum spectrum exhibits isolated dispersion curves which are identified as single particles and multi-particle bands. Our two-particle bound state analysis is restricted to a ladder approximation of the Bethe–Salpeter equation, and the existence of bound states depend on whether or not Gaussian domination for the four-point function is verified. It is known that two-particle bound states appear below the two-particle band if Gaussian domination does not hold. Here, we show that two two-particle bound states appear above the two-particle band if Gaussian domination is verified. We also show how the complete two-particle spectral pattern for these models can be understood by making a correspondence between the Bethe–Salpeter equation and a two-particle lattice Schrödinger Hamiltonian operator with attractive or repulsive spin-dependent delta potentials at the origin. A staggering transformation is used to relate the attractive and repulsive potential cases, as well as their associated Hamiltonians spectrum and eigenfunctions.
We obtain the low-lying energy-momentum spectrum for the imaginary-time lattice quantum field model associated with d -dimensional lattice ferromagnetic classical N -component vector spin systems at high temperature (0 < β << 1). Each system is characterized by a single site a priori spin probability distribution. The energy-momentum spectrum exhibits isolated dispersion curves which are identified as single particles and multi-particle bands. Our two-particle bound state analysis is restricted to a ladder approximation of the Bethe–Salpeter equation, and the existence of bound states depend on whether or not Gaussian domination for the four-point function is verified. It is known that two-particle bound states appear below the two-particle band if Gaussian domination does not hold. Here, we show that two two-particle bound states appear above the two-particle band if Gaussian domination is verified. We also show how the complete two-particle spectral pattern for these models can be understood by making a correspondence between the Bethe–Salpeter equation and a two-particle lattice Schrödinger Hamiltonian operator with attractive or repulsive spin-dependent delta potentials at the origin. A staggering transformation is used to relate the attractive and repulsive potential cases, as well as their associated Hamiltonians spectrum and eigenfunctions.
We obtain different properties of general d dimensional lattice ferromagnetic spin systems with nearest neighbor interactions in the high temperature region (beta<<1). Each model is characterized by a single site a priori spin distribution, taken to be even. We state our results in terms of the parameter alpha=<s(4)>-3<s(2)>(2) where <s(k)> denotes the kth moment of the a priori distribution. Associated with the model is a lattice quantum field theory that is known to contain particles. We show that for alpha>0, beta small, there exists a bound state with mass below the two-particle threshold. For alpha<0, bound states do not exist. The existence of the bound state has implications on the decay of correlations, i.e., the four-point function decays at a slower rate than twice that of the two-point function. These results are obtained using a lattice version of the Bethe-Salpeter equation in the ladder approximation. The existence and nonexistence results generalize to N-component models with rotationally invariant a priori spin distributions.
We consider general d-dimensional lattice ferromagnetic spin systems with nearest neighbor interactions in the high temperature region $(\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\ll}1).$ Each model is characterized by a single-site a priori spin probability distribution taken to be noneven. We state our results in terms of the parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}=(〈\overline{s}{}^{4}〉\ensuremath{-}3〈\overline{s}{}^{2}{〉}^{2}\ensuremath{-}〈\overline{s}{}^{3}{〉}^{2}〈\overline{s}{}^{2}{〉}^{\ensuremath{-}1})/(〈\overline{s}{}^{4}〉\ensuremath{-}〈\overline{s}{}^{2}{〉}^{2}\ensuremath{-}〈\overline{s}{}^{3}{〉}^{2}〈\overline{s}{}^{2}{〉}^{\ensuremath{-}1}),$ where $\overline{s}=s\ensuremath{-}〈s〉,$ and 〈sk〉 denotes the kth moment of the single-site distribution. Associated with the model is a lattice quantum field theory which is known to contain a particle of mass $m\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\beta}.$ Assuming $〈{s}^{3}〉\ensuremath{\ne}0$ we show that for $\ensuremath{\alpha}>0,$ \ensuremath{\beta} small, there exists a bound state with mass below the two-particle threshold 2m. For $\ensuremath{\alpha}<0$ bound states do not exist. These results are obtained using a Bethe-Salpeter (BS) equation in the ladder approximation in conjunction with a representation for the inverse of the two-point function designed to analyze the spectrum below but close to 2m.
The free energy per lattice site of a quantum spin chain in the thermodynamic limit is determined by a single `dominant' Eigenvalue of an associated quantum transfer matrix in the infinite Trotter number limit. For integrable quantum spin chains, related with solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation, an appropriate choice of the quantum transfer matrix enables to study its spectrum, e.g.\ by means of the algebraic Bethe Ansatz. In its turn, the knowledge of the full spectrum allows one to study its universality properties such as the appearance of a conformal spectrum in the low-temperature regime. More generally, accessing the full spectrum is a necessary step for deriving thermal form factor series representations of the correlation functions of local operators for the spin chain under consideration. These are statements that have been established by physicists on a heuristic level and that are calling for a rigorous mathematical justification. In this work we implement certain aspects of this programme with the example of the XXZ quantum spin chain in the antiferromagnetic massless regime and in the low-temperature limit. We rigorously establish the existence, uniqueness and characterise the form of the solutions to the non-linear integral equations that are equivalent to the Bethe Ansatz equations for the quantum transfer matrix of this model. This allows us to describe that part of the quantum transfer matrix spectrum that is related to the Bethe Ansatz and that does not collapse to zero in the infinite Trotter number limit. Within the considered part of the spectrum we rigorously identify the dominant Eigenvalue and show that those correlations lengths that diverge in the low-temperature limit are given, to the leading order, by the spectrum of the free Boson c=1 conformal field theory. This rigorously establishes a long-standing conjecture present in the physics literature.
We study classical Ising spin-1/2 models on a two-dimensional (2D) square lattice with ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic nearest-neighbor interactions, under the effect of a pure imaginary magnetic field. The complex Boltzmann weights of spin configurations cannot be interpreted as a probability distribution, which prevents application of standard statistical algorithms. In this work, the mapping of the Ising spin models under consideration onto symmetric vertex models leads to real (positive or negative) Boltzmann weights. This enables us to apply accurate numerical methods based on the renormalization of the density matrix, namely, the corner transfer matrix renormalization group and the higher-order tensor renormalization group. For the 2D antiferromagnet, varying the imaginary magnetic field, we calculate with high accuracy the curve of critical points related to the symmetry breaking of magnetizations on the interwoven sublattices. The critical exponent β and the anomaly number c are shown to be constant along the critical line, equal to their values β=1/8 and c=1/2 for the 2D Ising model in a zero magnetic field. The 2D ferromagnets behave in analogy with their 1D counterparts defined on a chain of sites, namely, there exists a transient temperature which splits the temperature range into its high-temperature and low-temperature parts. The free energy and the magnetization are well defined in the high-temperature region. In the low-temperature region, the free energy exhibits singularities at the Yang-Lee zeros of the partition function and the magnetization is also ill-defined: It varies chaotically with the size of the system. The transient temperature is determined as a function of the imaginary magnetic field by using the fact that from the high-temperature side both the first derivative of the free energy with respect to the temperature and the magnetization diverge at this temperature.
Low-dimensional quantum magnets at finite temperatures present a complex interplay of quantum and thermal fluctuation effects in a restricted phase space. While some information about dynamical response functions is available from theoretical studies of the one-triplet dispersion in unfrustrated chains and ladders, little is known about the finite-temperature dynamics of frustrated systems. Experimentally, inelastic neutron scattering studies of the highly frustrated two-dimensional material SrCu2(BO3)2 show an almost complete destruction of the one-triplet excitation band at a temperature only 1/3 of its gap energy, accompanied by strong scattering intensities for apparent multi-triplet excitations. We investigate these questions in the frustrated spin ladder and present numerical results from exact diagonalization for the dynamical structure factor as a function of temperature. We find anomalously rapid transfer of spectral weight out of the one-triplet band and into both broad and sharp spectral features at a wide range of energies, including below the zero-temperature gap of this excitation. These features are multi-triplet bound states, which develop particularly strongly near the quantum phase transition, fall to particularly low energies there, and persist all the way to infinite temperature. Our results offer valuable insight into the physics of finite-temperature spectral functions in SrCu2(BO3)2 and many other highly frustrated spin systems.
On a large class of lattices (such as the sawtooth chain, the kagome and the pyrochlore lattices), the quantum Heisenberg and the repulsive Hubbard models may host a completely dispersionless (flat) energy band in the single-particle spectrum. The flat-band states can be viewed as completely localized within a finite volume (trap) of the lattice and allow for construction of many-particle states, roughly speaking, by occupying the traps with particles. If the flat-band happens to be the lowest-energy one, the manifold of such many-body states will often determine the ground-state and low-temperature physics of the models at hand even in the presence of strong interactions. The localized nature of these many-body states makes possible the mapping of this subset of eigenstates onto a corresponding classical hard-core system. As a result, the ground-state and low-temperature properties of the strongly correlated flat-band systems can be analyzed in detail using concepts and tools of classical statistical mechanics (e.g., classical lattice-gas approach or percolation approach), in contrast to more challenging quantum many-body techniques usually necessary to examine strongly correlated quantum systems. In this review, we recapitulate the basic features of the flat-band spin systems and briefly summarize earlier studies in the field. The main emphasis is made on recent developments which include results for both spin and electron flat-band models. In particular, for flat-band spin systems, we highlight field-driven phase transitions for frustrated quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnets at low temperatures, chiral flat-band states, as well as the effect of a slight dispersion of a previously strictly flat-band due to nonideal lattice geometry. For electronic systems, we discuss the universal low-temperature behavior of several flat-band Hubbard models, the emergence of ground-state ferromagnetism in the square-lattice Tasaki–Hubbard model and the related Pauli-correlated percolation problem, as well as the dispersion-driven ground-state ferromagnetism in flat-band Hubbard systems. Closely related studies and possible experimental realizations of the flat-band physics are also described briefly.