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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General

Remarks on solving the one-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation on the interval : the case of a quantum bouncer

S.T. Dembiński, L. Wolniewicz

Published Jan 21, 1996• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is shown that the 1D Hamiltonian, which is a sum of operators which generate a finite nilpotent Lie algebra and depends explicitly on time existing closed form solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, cannot fulfil in general boundary and normalization conditions on a positive semi-axis. An explanation of the controversy surrounding the solutions of the quantum bouncer model, which appeared recently in the literature, is given.

DOI
10.1088/0305-4470/29/2/015

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It is shown that the 1D Hamiltonian, which is a sum of operators which generate a finite nilpotent Lie algebra and depends explicitly on time existing closed form solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, cannot fulfil in general boundary and normalization conditions on a positive semi-axis. An explanation of the controversy surrounding the solutions of the quantum bouncer model, which appeared recently in the literature, is given.
We discuss the Schr\"odinger equation with a time-dependent Hamiltonian that can be written as a linear combination of operators which span a finite-dimensional Lie algebra. The equations of motion for the operators in the Heisenberg representation are shown to be useful in calculating matrix elements and transition probabilities, as well as in obtaining the time-evolution operator. A general time-dependent one-dimensional bilinear Hamiltonian is considered as an illustrative example, and the product form for the time-evolution operator is shown to be global.
It is shown here that the non-stationary Schrodinger equation can be solved exactly for two quantum models subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions. One of them is a modified problem of a quantum bouncer, i.e. the problem of a particle falling down in the gravitational field on a moving (oscillating) platform such as a loudspeaker. The second model is a 'cuff-off oscillator' with a moving infinite potential wall and a time-dependent frequency. In both cases exact solutions are given in closed forms, easy to use. Their possible applications are also indicated. In each of the models extra coordinate- and time-dependent phase factors are generated by moving boundaries in the former case giving rise to a non-local effect in quantum mechanics.
A representation of invariants in quantum mechanics for a general time-dependent Hamiltonian is provided. The main properties of these operators and their relevance for solving the Schrödinger equation are discussed in light of this representation. In particular, the well-known Lewis and Riesenfeld’s method is shown to be recovered quite directly by the present approach. A detailed analysis is concerned with Hamiltonians which at each instant are elements of a finite dimensional Lie algebra. Exploiting the Wei and Norman’s theory for such Hamiltonians, it is found that the evolution of a quantum system is always determined, in part or fully, by an invariant which belongs to the same algebra.
In this paper we prove the following: (1) The basic error of time-dependent perturbation theory is using the sum of first finite order of perturbed solutions to substitute the exact solution in the divergent interval of the series for calculating the transition probability. In addition quantum mechanics neglects the influence of the normality condition in the continuous case. In both cases Fermi golden rule is not a mathematically reasonable deductive inference from the Schrodinger equation. (2) The transition probability per unit time deduced from the exact solution of the Schrodinger equation is zero, which cannot be used to describe the transition processes.
The open-system boundary conditions for the one-dimensional Schr\"odinger equation are derived by dividing the unbounded domain into a finite system and two semi-infinite reservoirs. The resulting boundary conditions on the system are non-Markovian, as they contain a convolution over the history of the system. Thus, time-irreversibility arises in a pure-state problem. The propagator which appears in the boundary condition is derived for a simple discrete model. The correctness of the boundary conditions is verified and the usefulness of the discrete model is demonstrated by a numerical calculation of the time-evolution of a wave packet.