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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Resonant Raman super-radiance in a Bose–Einstein condensate with two internal states

Xu Xu, Xiaoji Zhou, Xuzong Chen

Published Aug 7, 2008• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

A general semi-classical theory for the super-radiance in a Bose–Einstein condensate with two internal states is given. In the case dominated by Rayleigh-forward and Raman-backward processes, a large number of backward recoiling atoms can be generated by one frequency laser. Moreover, this scheme could be used to measure the scattered light spectrum, via the control of the energy difference between two internal states, and to confirm the process of forward and resonant backward recoil.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/41/16/165302

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A general semi-classical theory for the super-radiance in a Bose–Einstein condensate with two internal states is given. In the case dominated by Rayleigh-forward and Raman-backward processes, a large number of backward recoiling atoms can be generated by one frequency laser. Moreover, this scheme could be used to measure the scattered light spectrum, via the control of the energy difference between two internal states, and to confirm the process of forward and resonant backward recoil.
Recent experiments have demonstrated superradiant Raman scattering from a Bose-Einstein condensate driven by a single off-resonant laser beam. We present a quantum theory describing this phenomenon, showing Raman amplification of matter wave due to collective atomic recoil from 3-level atoms in a $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-configuration. When atoms are initially in a single lower internal state, a closed two-level system is realized between atoms with different internal states, and entangled atom-photon pairs can be generated. When atoms are initially prepared in both the lower internal states, a fraction of atoms recoiling in the backward direction can be generated.
The superradiant Rayleigh scattering of high-intensity light pulses by the Bose-Einstein condensate of rubidium vapor is studied using the model proposed earlier. It is demonstrated that four states with a certain momentum are occupied under the experimental conditions (two states correspond to the forward recoil and two others correspond to the backward recoil). Condensate pulsations between the zero-momentum state and the above states are detected and studied. The corresponding shape of the coherent Rayleigh pulse is found.
In this paper, we consider two models which exhibit equilibrium BEC superradiance. They are related to two different types of superradiant scattering observed in recent experiments. The first one corresponds to the amplification of matter waves due to Raman superradiant scattering from a BE condensate, when the recoiled and the condensed atoms are in different internal states. The main mechanism is stimulated Raman scattering in two-level atoms, which occurs in a superradiant way. Our second model is related to the superradiant Rayleigh scattering from a BE condensate. This again leads to a matter-wave amplification but now with the recoiled atoms in the same state as the atoms in the condensate. Here the recoiling atoms are able to interfere with the condensate at rest to form a matter-wave grating (interference fringes ) which is observed experimentally.
Summary form only given.We consider two overlapping and optically thin dilute gas Bose-Einstein condensates occupying two different Zeeman sublevels. We propose an optical method for increasing the number of condensate atoms. Two laser beams drive Raman transitions between the Zeeman states and induce a coherent quantum tunneling between the Bose-Einstein condensates. The scattering of photons is dominantly coherent and in the forward direction due to the Bose enhancement. This corresponds to the scattering of atoms between the two condensates. Some laser-driven Raman transitions also scatter atoms between the condensate and noncondensate atom fractions. For a range of condensate phase differences there is destructive quantum interference of the amplitudes for scattering atoms out of the condensates. Because the total atom scattering rate into the condensates is unaffected the condensates grow. This mechanism is analogous to that responsible for optical lasing without inversion, and it may find application as a pump for an atom laser.