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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Multi-photon effects of transmittance spectra for closed and open ladder-type atomic configurations

Han Seb Moon, Heung‐Ryoul Noh

Published Oct 24, 2012• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigated the multi-photon process of each hyperfine-structure dependence on the probe and coupling laser intensities in the closed and open ladder-type atomic configurations in the 5S1/2–5P3/2–5D5/2 transition of 87Rb atoms. When the intensity of the probe laser was comparable to that of the coupling laser, a variation of the closed atomic configuration of the 5S1/2 (F = 2)–5P3/2 (F′ = 3)–5D5/2 (F″ = 4) cycling transition from transmittance to absorption was observed clearly. The spectral features due to multi-photon effects were understood intuitively by using diagrammatic analysis. The observed spectra as functions of the probe and coupling laser intensities were in good agreement with the numerical results calculated with full density matrix equations that included all the degenerate magnetic sublevels of the 5S1/2–5P3/2–5D5/2 transition.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/45/22/225001

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We investigated the multi-photon process of each hyperfine-structure dependence on the probe and coupling laser intensities in the closed and open ladder-type atomic configurations in the 5S1/2–5P3/2–5D5/2 transition of 87Rb atoms. When the intensity of the probe laser was comparable to that of the coupling laser, a variation of the closed atomic configuration of the 5S1/2 (F = 2)–5P3/2 (F′ = 3)–5D5/2 (F″ = 4) cycling transition from transmittance to absorption was observed clearly. The spectral features due to multi-photon effects were understood intuitively by using diagrammatic analysis. The observed spectra as functions of the probe and coupling laser intensities were in good agreement with the numerical results calculated with full density matrix equations that included all the degenerate magnetic sublevels of the 5S1/2–5P3/2–5D5/2 transition.
We have investigated the optical pumping effects of single-resonance optical pumping (SROP) and double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) in the ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of the 5S1/2–5P3/2–5D3/2 transition of 87Rb atoms. In the 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 3)–5D3/2(F'' = 2, 3) transition with the single-resonance cycling 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 3) transition, we observed the transmittance spectrum due to DROP and EIT. Based on our experimental results investigated according to the laser power (the probe and the coupling) and the coupling laser detuning, we revealed that DROP was significant for the transmittance spectrum. Particularly, in the 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 1, 2)–5D3/2(F'' = 1) transition without a cycling transition, we observed the two-photon absorption due to two-photon atomic coherence, when the probe laser power was weak and the coupling laser power was strong.
The polarization dependence of double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) in the ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of the $5{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}$ transition of 87{}^{87}87Rb atoms is studied. The transmittance spectra in the $5{S}_{1/2}(F=2)\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3)\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=2,3,4)$ transition were observed as caused by EIT, DROP, and saturation effects in the various polarization combinations between the probe and coupling lasers. The features of the double-structure transmittance spectra in the $5{S}_{1/2}(F=2)\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3)\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=4)$ cycling transition were attributed to the difference in saturation effect according to the transition routes between the Zeeman sublevels and the EIT according to the two-photon transition probability.
We have experimentally and theoretically studied the causes of the transparency spectra of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-4D5/2 and 5S1/2-5P3/2-5D5/2 transitions of 87Rb atoms. Although, the two-photon resonance of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-4D5/2 transition was not Doppler-free in an Rb vapor, we observed the transparency phenomenon in this transition. The main cause of the transparency of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-4D5/2 transition was double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) due to two-step excitation, and that of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-5D5/2 transition was DROP and electromagnetically induced transparency due to two-photon coherence. We confirmed the experimental results with theoretical results calculated using the density matrix equations considering all the degenerate magnetic sublevels of both transitions of the 87Rb atoms.
We present the double resonance optical pumping (DROP) effect of ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in the 5S1/2-5P3/2-5D5/2 transition of 87Rb atoms. When many atoms of the ladder-type atomic system are simultaneously resonant with the two laser fields, the population of one ground state can be optically pumped into another ground state through intermediate states and excited states. In this paper, we reveal that most previous results for the ladder-type EIT include the DROP effect. When the probe laser is very weak and the coupling laser is strong, we can observe the double structure transmittance spectrum, a narrow spectrum due to the EIT and a broad spectrum due to the DROP, in the 5S1/2(F=2)-5P3/2(F'=3)-5D5/2(F"=4) cycling transition.
We have studied electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in the 5S1/2−5P3/2−5D5/2 ladder-type system of Rb. We observed relative changing magnitude of EIT hyperfine structures depending on not only the polarizations of the lasers but also the intensity of the coupling laser. The coupling-intensity effects are attributed to the nonlinear increase of the EIT signal to the coupling intensity. EIT signals nonlinear on the coupling intensity are analyzed by considering coherent interaction between atom and laser fields.
We investigated the relationship between two- and three-photon coherence in terms of the transition routes and coupling field intensities in a Doppler-broadened ladder-type atomic system for the 5S1/2–5P3/2–5D5/2 transition in 87Rb atoms. Three-photon electromagnetically induced absorption (TPEIA) due to three-photon coherence was observed in the only transition route that exhibited a dominant two-photon coherence effect. We showed that two-photon coherence is a necessary condition for three-photon coherence phenomena. A comparison of the relative magnitudes of the electromagnetically induced transparency and TPEIA as a function of the coupling field intensity revealed that the increase of three-photon coherence was faster than that of two-photon coherence. Considering three-photon coherence in a Doppler-broadened ladder-type three-level atomic system, the relation between two- and three-photon coherence was numerically calculated.