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Physical Review

Operator Calculus and the Solution of the Equations of Quantum Dynamics

Carl Eckart

Published Oct 1, 1926• 130 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A formal calculus is developed which includes the Born and Jordan matrix dynamics, and also the remarkable quantum condition of Schroedinger. A method for the calculation of the matrices which is in close analogy to the classical Hamilton-Jacobi method of solving dynamical problems is explained. These results have been obtained independently by E. Schroedinger [Ann. d. Physik. 79, 734 (1926)].

DOI
10.1103/physrev.28.711

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A formal calculus is developed which includes the Born and Jordan matrix dynamics, and also the remarkable quantum condition of Schroedinger. A method for the calculation of the matrices which is in close analogy to the classical Hamilton-Jacobi method of solving dynamical problems is explained. These results have been obtained independently by E. Schroedinger [Ann. d. Physik. 79, 734 (1926)].
In this paper, a formalism for quantization is developed which starts out from the Hamilton-Jacobi expression, $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}S}{\ensuremath{\partial}t}+H(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}S}{\ensuremath{\partial}q}, q)$, and which leads to its usual quantum-mechanical operator equivalent by means of straightforward algebra. The quantum-mechanical operator equivalents of HHH and ppp are then seen to be the consequence of assigning a number of equally probable classical paths to a dynamical system.
Abstract The quantization of the dynamics of point systems is closely connected with the Hamilton-Jacobi theory of the calculus of variations for simple integrals, the latter being a suitable mathematical formalism for describing the classical laws of point dynamics. This connexion is evident from the fact that, in order to quantize a dynamical system, one has first to know what the pairs of canonically conjugate variables are, and also from the fact that the quantum laws, if expressed in terms of commutation brackets, have exactly the same form as the classical laws, if expressed in terms of Poisson brackets. In dealing with the quantization of the dynamics of continuous media, e.g. the electromagnetic and other fields, which has been developed along different lines, following Heisenberg and Pauli (1929), it seems tempting to try to base the method of quantization on an extended Hamilton-Jacobi theory of the calculus of variations for multiple integrals, the latter being the appropriate formalism for describing most relevant systems of continuum physics. In a previous paper (Weiss 1936), referred to as I, such an attem pt has been made, by extending the notion of pairs of conjugate variables. That attem pt led to quantum relations on an arbitrary space-like section in space-time, provided that one postulated that, if the space-like section becomes especially a space section, the quantum relations should go over into those of Heisenberg and Pauli.
A quantum mechanics is constructed which is patterned on classical Hamilton-Jacobi theory. The dynamical basis of the theory is a quantum Hamilton-Jacobi equation with accompanying physical boundary conditions. Basic objects of the formulation are quantum Hamilton's principal and characteristic functions. As an application of the formalism a theory of quantum action-angle variables is set up. The central feature of this theory is the definition of the quantum action variable which permits the determination of the bound-state energy levels without solving the dynamical equation.
Abstract One of the fundamental problems in quantum mechanics is finding the correct quantum image of a classical observable that would correspond to experimental measurements. We investigate for the appropriate quantization rule that would yield a Hamiltonian that obeys the quantum analogue of Hamilton’s equations of motion, which includes differentiation of operators with respect to another operator. To give meaning to this type of differentiation, Born and Jordan established two definitions called the differential quotients of first type and second type. In this paper we modify the definition for the differential quotient of first type and establish its consistency with the differential quotient of second type for different basis operators corresponding to different quantizations. Theorems and differentiation rules including differentiation of operators with negative powers and multiple differentiation were also investigated. We show that the Hamiltonian obtained from Weyl, simplest symmetric, and Born-Jordan quantization all satisfy the required algebra of the quantum equations of motion.