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Physical Review Letters

Dense Coding in Experimental Quantum Communication

Klaus Mattle, Harald Weinfurter, Paul G. Kwiat, Anton Zeilinger

Published Jun 17, 1996• 1,342 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Classically, sending more than one bit of information requires manipulation of more than one two-state particle. We demonstrate experimentally that one can transmit one of three messages, i.e., 1 ``trit'' $\ensuremath{\approx}1.58\mathrm{bit}$, by manipulating only one of two entangled particles. The increased channel capacity is proven by transmitting ASCII characters in five trits instead of the usual 8 bits.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.76.4656

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Classically, sending more than one bit of information requires manipulation of more than one two-state particle. We demonstrate experimentally that one can transmit one of three messages, i.e., 1 ``trit'' \ensuremath≈1.58bit\ensuremath{\approx}1.58\mathrm{bit}\ensuremath≈1.58bit, by manipulating only one of two entangled particles. The increased channel capacity is proven by transmitting ASCII characters in five trits instead of the usual 8 bits.
We study quantum dense coding between two arbitrarily fixed particles in a (N + 2)-particle maxlmally-entangled states through introducing an auxiliary qubit and carrying out local measurements. It is shown that the transmitted classical information amount through such an entangled quantum channel is usually less than two classical bits. However, the information amount may reach two classical bits of information, and the classical information capacity is independent of the number of the entangled particles under certain conditions. The results offer deeper insight into quantum dense coding via quantum channels of multi-particle entangled states.
A Fundamental limitation of classical communication channels is that a two-state system can only transmit one bit of information: one state represents 0s and the other represents 1s. If the information carrier is a quantum system, however, theory holds that this is no longer true. Anton Zeilinger and colleagues at the University of Innsbruck have now provided experimental evidence for this theoretical idea (K Mattle et at. 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 4656). They used a two-level quantum system, the polarization of a single photon, to send a "trit" of information. A trit has three possible values – 0, 1 or 2 – and is equivalent to 1.58 bits.
We study quantum dense coding between two arbitrarily fixed particles in a ( N +2)-particle maximally-entangled states through introducing an auxiliary qubit and carrying out local measurements. It is shown that the transmitted classical information amount through such an entangled quantum channel is usually less than two classical bits. However, the information amount may reach two classical bits of information, and the classical information capacity is independent of the number of the entangled particles under certain conditions. The results offer deeper insight into quantum dense coding via quantum channels of multi-particle entangled states.
Dense coding is a new concept of quantum communication using the nonlocal feature of quantum entangled states. Bob, the information receiver, prepares polarization-entangled photon twins and sends one of them to Alice, the information sender, while retaining the other. She can prepare each of the four Bell states by operating an appropriate manipulation only on the transmitted photon and thus she can encode 2 bits of information. To decode the 2 bits, Bob must execute a joint measurement of the returned and retained photons with a Bell-state analyzer, such as a Hong-Ou-Mandel type of two-photon interferometer. The information capacity of the transmitted photon is limited by the number of usable nonlocal quantum states which can be prepared through the local operation on one photon. A question arises as to whether Alice can enhance the capacity or not, by adopting an additional degree of freedom by use of pulse position modulation or optical frequency modulation for the transmitted photon. At a glance, capacity enhancement appears to be possible by introducing another degree of freedom. The question here is, however, whether or not it is possible by manipulating only one of photon twins. In the paper, however, we show that the information capacity in dense coding can be enhanced from the reported 2 bits to 3 bits provided that photon twins have spectral correlation and a perfect Bell state analyzer is available.
We report on the experimental realization of the analogy of quantum dense coding in classical optical communication using classical optical correlations. Compared to quantum dense coding that uses pairs of photons entangled in polarization, we find that the proposed design exhibits many advantages. Considering that it is convenient to realize in optical communication, the attainable channel capacity in the experiment for dense coding can reach 2 bits, which is higher than that of the usual quantum coding capacity (1.585 bits). This increased channel capacity has been proven experimentally by transmitting ASCII characters in 12 quaternary digitals instead of the usual 24 bits.