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Journal of Optics B Quantum and Semiclassical Optics

Quantum dense coding of continuous variables in a noisy quantum channel

Masashi Ban

Published Nov 30, 2000• 41 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum dense coding of continuous variables via a two-mode squeezed vacuum state is considered for a noisy quantum channel. Classical information is encoded in the two quadrature components of one mode of a two-mode squeezed vacuum state and the encoded mode is sent through a noisy quantum channel which is assumed to be linearly dissipative. Decoding at the receiver side is performed by simultaneous measurement of two quadrature components of the two-mode state. By calculating the error probability of a binary communication system, we examine whether the dense coding is effective or not when a quantum channel is noisy.

DOI
10.1088/1464-4266/2/6/311

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Quantum dense coding of continuous variables via a two-mode squeezed vacuum state is considered for a noisy quantum channel. Classical information is encoded in the two quadrature components of one mode of a two-mode squeezed vacuum state and the encoded mode is sent through a noisy quantum channel which is assumed to be linearly dissipative. Decoding at the receiver side is performed by simultaneous measurement of two quadrature components of the two-mode state. By calculating the error probability of a binary communication system, we examine whether the dense coding is effective or not when a quantum channel is noisy.
We have experimentally realized the scheme initially proposed as quantum dense coding with continuous variables [Ban, J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclassical Opt. 1, L9 (1999); Braunstein and Kimble, Phys. Rev. A 61, 042302 (2000)]. In our experiment, a pair of EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) beams is generated from two independent squeezed vacua. After adding a two-quadrature signal to one of the EPR beams, two squeezed beams that contain the signal were recovered. Although our squeezing level is not sufficient to demonstrate the channel capacity gain over the Holevo limit of a single-mode channel without entanglement, our channel is superior to conventional channels such as coherent and squeezing channels. In addition, the optical addition and subtraction processes demonstrated are elementary operations of universal quantum information processing on continuous variables.
Symmetric and asymmetric quantum channels which act on bipartite bosonic states are considered. The linear dissipative channel and the quantum teleportation channel are applied. The influences of the symmetric and asymmetric quantum channels on bipartite Gaussian states are investigated by means of the inseparability condition. Furthermore, quantum teleportation and quantum dense coding of continuous variables performed by means of two-mode squeezed-vacuum states under the influence of the noisy quantum channels are discussed.
We analyze the continuous variable (CV) dense coding protocol between a single sender and a single receiver when affected by noise in the shared and encoded states, as well as when the decoding is imperfect. We present a formalism to derive the dense coding capacity (DCC) of generic two-mode Gaussian states when affected by Gaussian noise models. When the constituent modes are affected by quantum-limited amplifiers, pure-loss channels, and environmental interactions, together with an inefficient decoding mechanism comprising imperfect double-homodyne detection, we specifically investigate the performance of the two-mode squeezed vacuum state (TMSV) by varying the strength of the noise. Through numerical simulations, we further show that the negative conditional entropy may be used to assess the quantum advantage of CV dense coding in Gaussian setups. While comparing the TMSV with other Gaussian states, we identify a class of pure Gaussian states capable of furnishing a capacity equal to that of the TMSV, under equal energy constraints in the ideal regime. Further, we demonstrate that, while the TMSV state is more susceptible to noise, it still provides the maximum quantum advantage in the DC protocol under practical conditions.
The possibility is explicitly shown that the average probability of error is reduced and the transmission rate of information is enhanced by means of entangled input states to a communication channel. When two senders transmit some information to a receiver, they encode the information in the quadrature amplitudes of both modes of a two-mode squeezed vacuum state. The receiver performs a simultaneous measurement of the two quadrature amplitudes of the received two-mode state. In this case, if the average value of the photon number supplied to the communication system is not so small, the average probability of error becomes smaller than that of the communication system without entanglement. Furthermore, the transmission rate of information becomes larger than the quantum capacity of classical information of the communication system without entanglement.
Minimization of error probability is considered in entanglement-assisted quantum communication systems. It is shown that although quantum state signals being sent are not symmetric at a sender side, the square root measurement becomes optimum when they are made symmetric at the receiver side. For communication systems of coherent signals, where a two-mode squeezed-vacuum state is used as an entanglement resource, the quantum entanglement greatly reduces the average probability of error. The relation to the quantum dense coding of continuous variables is also discussed.