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Cybernetics & Systems

NONLOCALITY AND THE TIME-ORDERING OF EVENTS

Gerhard Grössing

Published Apr 1, 2001• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

A realistic solution of the "relativistic EPR dilemma" is proposed. The stated dilemma refers to the fact that a realistic account of nonlocal correlations in quantum theory as in EPR-type experiments, for example is faced with the problem of an apparently ambiguous choice for the time-ordering of events. However, if one takes into consideration Arno Bohm's concept of a "preparation time" for any quantum mechanical setup, and if one does so for all world-lines of the experimental setup, one can show that a realistic account of events is perfectly feasible. In this way, a unique and time-irreversible ordering of events is guaranteed for each reference frame.

DOI
10.1080/01969720151033472

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A realistic solution of the "relativistic EPR dilemma" is proposed. The stated dilemma refers to the fact that a realistic account of nonlocal correlations in quantum theory as in EPR-type experiments, for example is faced with the problem of an apparently ambiguous choice for the time-ordering of events. However, if one takes into consideration Arno Bohm's concept of a "preparation time" for any quantum mechanical setup, and if one does so for all world-lines of the experimental setup, one can show that a realistic account of events is perfectly feasible. In this way, a unique and time-irreversible ordering of events is guaranteed for each reference frame.
Eighty years ago Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen demonstrated that instantaneous reduction of wave function, believed to describe completely a pair of entangled physical systems, led to EPR paradox. The paradox disappears in statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics (QM) according to which a wave function describes only an ensemble of identically prepared physical systems. QM predicts strong correlations between outcomes of measurements performed on different members of EPR pairs in far-away locations. Searching for an intuitive explanation of these correlations John Bell analysed so called local realistic hidden variable models and proved that correlations consistent with these models satisfy Bell inequalities which are violated by some predictions of QM and by experimental data. Several different local models were constructed and inequalities proven. Some eminent physicists concluded that Nature is definitely nonlocal and that it is acting according to a law of nonlocal randomness. According to these law perfectly random, but strongly correlated events, can be produced at the same time in far away locations and a local and causal explanation of their occurrence cannot be given. We strongly disagree with this conclusion and we prove the contrary by analysing in detail some influential finite sample proofs of Bell and CHSH inequalities and so called Quantum Randi Challenges. We also show how one can win so called Bell's game without violating locality of Nature. Nonlocal randomness is inconsistent with local quantum field theory, with standard model in elementary particle physics and with causal laws and adaptive dynamics prevailing in the surrounding us world. The experimental violation of Bell-type inequalities does not prove the nonlocality of Nature but it only confirms a contextual character of quantum observables and gives a strong argument against counterfactual definiteness and against a point of view according to which experimental outcomes are produced in irreducible random way.
I consider the extent to which the applicability of the concept of classical realism is constrained, irrespective of the validity or not of the quantum formalism, by existing experiments both in the EPR–Bell setup, including recent experiments testing ‘nonlocal realistic’ theories, and in the area of ‘macroscopic quantum coherence’. Unless we are willing to sacrifice one or more other intuitively plausible notions such as that of the conventional ‘arrow of time’, it appears impossible, in either context, to maintain the classical notion of realism.
We demonstrate that the EPR-Bohm probabilities can be easily obtained in the classical (but contextual) probabilistic framework by using the formula of interference of probabilities. From this point of view the EPR-Bell experiment is just an experiment on interference of probabilities. We analyze the time structure of contextuality in the EPR-Bohm experiment. The conclusion is that quantum mechanics does not contradict to a local realistic model in which probabilities are calculated as averages over conditionings/measurements for pairs of instances of time t1 < t2. If we restrict our consideration only to simultaneous measurements at the fixed instance of time t we would get contradiction with Bell’s theorem. One of implications of this fact might be the impossibility to define instances of time with absolute precision on the level of the microscopic realistic model. 1. Introduction.In a series of papers, see, e.g., [1] it was demonstrated
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