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International Journal of Modern Physics B

Boundary Critical Behaviour of Two-Dimensional Layered Ising Models

Alessandro Pelizzola

Published May 10, 1997• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Layered models are models in which the coupling constants depend in an arbitrary way on one spatial coordinate, usually the distance from a free surface or boundary. Here the theory of the boundary critical behaviour of two-dimensional layered Ising models, including the Hilhorst–van Leeuwen model and models for aperiodic systems, is reviewed, with a particular attention to exact results for the critical behaviour and the boundary order parameter.

DOI
10.1142/s0217979297000708

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Modern Physics Letters B•Sep 20, 1995•0 citations
Layered models are models in which the coupling constants depend in an arbitrary way on one spatial coordinate, usually the distance from a free surface or boundary. Here the theory of the boundary critical behaviour of two-dimensional layered Ising models, including the Hilhorst–van Leeuwen model and models for aperiodic systems, is reviewed, with a particular attention to exact results for the critical behaviour and the boundary order parameter.
We consider a semi-infinite two-dimensional Ising model with nearest-neighbor coupling constants that deviate from the bulk coupling by $A{m}^{\ensuremath{-}y}$ for large mmm, mmm being the distance from the edge. The case A<0A<0A<0 of couplings which are weaker near the surface has been discussed by Hilhorst and van Leeuwen. We report exact results for the boundary magnetization and boundary pair-correlation function when A>0A>0A>0. At the bulk critical temperature there is a rich variety of critical behavior in the $A \ensuremath{-}y$ plane with both paramagnetic and ferromagnetic surface phases. Some of our results can be derived and generalized with simple scaling arguments.
An explicit formula for the boundary magnetization of a two-dimensional Ising model with a strip of inhomogeneous interactions is obtained by means of a transfer matrix mean-field method introduced by Lipowski and Suzuki. There is clear numerical evidence that the formula is exact. By taking the limit where the width of the strip approaches infinity and the interactions have well-defined bulk limits, I arrive at the boundary magnetization for a model which includes the Hilhorst-van Leeuwen model. The rich critical behavior of the latter magnetization is thereby rederived with little effort.
Using previous results from boundary conformal field theory and integrability, a phase diagram is derived for the two-dimensional Ising model at its bulk tri-critical point as a function of boundary magnetic field and boundary spin-coupling constant. A boundary tri-critical point separates phases where the spins on the boundary are ordered or disordered. In the latter range of coupling constant, there is a non-zero critical field where the magnetization is singular. In the former range, as the temperature is lowered, the boundary undergoes a first-order transition while the bulk simultaneously undergoes a second-order transition.
We study the influence of an aperiodic extended surface perturbation on the surface critical behaviour of the two-dimensional Ising model in the extreme anisotropic limit. The perturbation decays as a power κ of the distance l from the free surface with an oscillating amplitude Al=(−1)flAA_l = ( - 1)^{f_l } AAl​=(−1)fl​A where f l = 0, 1 follows some aperiodic sequence with an asymptotic density equal to 1/2 so that the mean amplitude vanishes. The relevance of the perturbation is discussed by combining scaling arguments of Cordery and Burkhardt for the Hilhorst-van Leeuwen model and Luck for aperiodic perturbations. The relevance-irrelevance criterion involves the decay exponent κ, the wandering exponent ω which governs the fluctuation of the sequence and the bulk correlation length exponent ν. Analytical results are obtained for the surface magnetization which displays a rich variety of critical behaviours in the (κ, ω)-plane. The results are checked through a numerical finite-size-scaling study. They show that second-order effects must be taken into account in the discussion of the relevance-irrelevance criterion. The scaling behaviours of the first gap and the surface energy are also discussed.
The author considers layered systems with aperiodically modulated couplings and study the effect of inhomogeneity on the critical behaviour. Using scaling arguments a relevance/irrelevance-type criterion is formulated and for relevant inhomogeneities the scaling form of singular quantities is determined. The author has performed exact calculations for the surface magnetization of aperiodic quantum Ising chains and for a (1+1)-dimensional directed polymer in a longitudinal aperiodic environment. The results for both systems are in accord with scaling considerations. For a marginal aperiodicity the critical exponents are found to be non-universal.