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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics

Three-dimensional rectification of a gradient force in a strong nonmonochromatic field

I. V. Krasnov

Published May 1, 2004• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A new three-dimensional scheme for rectifying a gradient force is proposed and analyzed. The scheme is based on the use of a strong, partially coherent optical field involving a component with a fluctuating phase. It is shown that the rectification of a gradient force acting on atoms with a nondegenerate ground state is a second-order effect with respect to field strength in this scheme, whereas an analogous effect is third-order in coherent bichromatic fields. Conditions for three-dimensional confinement of atoms are obtained by using the velocity dependence of the rectified radiative force. For a large class of atoms, such as even-even isotopes of ytterbium and alkaline-earth elements, these conditions can be implemented at a relatively high effective temperature (of the particle ensemble) of about 10 K. This finding can be used to widen substantially the range of energies of atoms amenable to effective three-dimensional optical manipulation.

DOI
10.1134/1.1767555

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A new three-dimensional scheme for rectifying a gradient force is proposed and analyzed. The scheme is based on the use of a strong, partially coherent optical field involving a component with a fluctuating phase. It is shown that the rectification of a gradient force acting on atoms with a nondegenerate ground state is a second-order effect with respect to field strength in this scheme, whereas an analogous effect is third-order in coherent bichromatic fields. Conditions for three-dimensional confinement of atoms are obtained by using the velocity dependence of the rectified radiative force. For a large class of atoms, such as even-even isotopes of ytterbium and alkaline-earth elements, these conditions can be implemented at a relatively high effective temperature (of the particle ensemble) of about 10 K. This finding can be used to widen substantially the range of energies of atoms amenable to effective three-dimensional optical manipulation.
Based on the developed kinetic theory of rectified radiative forces, we found sufficient conditions for purely optical (nonmagnetic) three-dimensional confinement and cooling of atoms with the J =0 → J =1 quantum transition in a weak field of mutually orthogonal bichromatic standing waves. We show that a deep stable atom localization of atoms in the cells of an effective light superlattice (with a spacing much larger than the light wavelength) can be achieved by controlling the phase shifts (time-difference phase) of the temporal oscillations in orthogonally polarized field components and by specially choosing the field parameters. The proposed scheme of purely optical confinement can be directly used for a large group of atoms like Yb isotopes and alkali-earth elements with even-even nuclei.
A new scheme of three-dimensional (3D) all-optical (nonmagnetic) cooling and trapping of resonant atoms, based on using of so-called rectified radiation forces in non-monochromatic light fields is presented. It can be applied to the atoms with a tripod-type configuration of levels: atoms (ions) with the quantum transition F=1 \to F=0. The scheme proposed provides a long-term trapping of such atoms in deep light-induced potential wells. Moreover, the atom temperature can continuously be changed by varying field parameters in quite a large range (from super-Doppler to sub-Doppler values) without violating the localization stability.
Rectified dipole forces1 offer the possibility of providing deep potential wells for neutral atoms. In the intense standing wave, a two-level atom can experience a large dipole force due to the large intensity gradient. However, this force changes sign on the optical wavelength scale, preventing the formation of deep potential wells. If a second, nearly commensurate, standing wave is added, its ac Stark shift causes the effective detuning of the first field to vary on the optical wavelength scale. The resulting change in sign of the detuning can counteract the change in sign of the intensity gradient, causing the force to maintain its sign over many wavelengths (i.e., the force becomes rectified), thereby forming a deep potential well. This rectified force is periodic with the beat wavelength between the two laser fields. In a three-level atom the same basic mechanism applies, but with the advantage that the two frequencies of the bichromatic standing wave can now be tuned dose to resonance with the two transitions of the atom.
A radiation-pressure force, changing only slightly within the wavelength of light (rectification effect), has been shown to arise in interfering fields. In a monochromatic field a rectified force (RF) has the scale of a spontaneous light-pressure force, and it is mainly a vortex one. In a bichromatic field the RF has the order of magnitude of the induced light-pressure force and does saturate in a strong field. The spatial RF structure can be either potential or rotational. The depth of the potential wells generated by the RF can exceed by several orders of magnitude the energy of the atom–field interaction, and it can reach 10 K and larger. A vortex periodic RF results either in regular rotating motion or in a random walk of atoms along the boundaries of elementary cells of the force field. Possible applications of the RF are discussed.