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Physical Review Letters

Superconductors as Quantum Detectors for Microwave and Sub-Millimeter-Wave Radiation

E. Burstein, D. N. Langenberg, Barry N. Taylor

Published Feb 1, 1961• 50 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.6.92

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Single particle (quasiparticle) tunneling through an insulating barrier between two superconductors or between a superconductor and a normal conductor is being used to make very low noise detectors and mixers for millimeter wavelengths. The nonlinearity of the I-V curve obtained from tunneling between two superconductors can be so strong that classical theory breaks down and photon assisted tunneling theory must be used to understand device performance. Quantum theory predicts that a quasiparticle tunnel junction can be operated as a microwave photon detector with quantum efficiency close to unity or as a heterodyne mixer with conversion gain and with mixer noise temperature comparable with the quantum noise limit T sub M = h omega/k. Both of these predictions have been experimentally realized at 36GHz using superconductor-insulator-superconductor junctions. It appears probable that these quasiparticle detectors and mixers will supercede the corresponding Josephson effect devices at millimeter wavelengths. (Author)

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Detection of mm and submm wave radiation from soliton and flux-flow modes in a long Josephson junction

Y.M. Zhang, Dag Winkler, T. Claeson

The authors report on the coupling of millimeter and submillimeter waves from a long (3- mu m*350- mu m) Josephson junction to a small (2- mu m*2- mu m) superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junction by using a center-fed interdigital capacitor. Coupled power at around 100 GHz and 261 GHz was observed. Experiments confirm that the critical current density j/sub c/ of a long junction determines the fluxon motion. Coupled irradiation (>3nW) at around 100 GHz, which corresponds to resonant soliton oscillations in low j/sub c/ samples (250 A/cm/sup 2/ to 1000 A/cm/sup 2/), is detected by the SIS junction. The incident power to the SIS detector junction could be tuned with only little frequency pulling by adjusting the current bias of the oscillator. For j/sub c/>1000 A/cm/sup 2/, coupled radiation at around 100 GHz (about 3 nW) and 261 GHz (4.6 nW), from flux-flow oscillations, is also clearly seen. Flux-flow radiation at 350 GHz is also observed. It is concluded that a large j/sub c/ value is preferable for high-frequency flux-flow oscillators.>

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity•Mar 1, 1993•18 citations
Single particle (quasiparticle) tunneling through an insulating barrier between two superconductors or between a superconductor and a normal conductor is being used to make very low noise detectors and mixers for millimeter wavelengths. The nonlinearity of the I-V curve obtained from tunneling between two superconductors can be so strong that classical theory breaks down and photon assisted tunneling theory must be used to understand device performance. Quantum theory predicts that a quasiparticle tunnel junction can be operated as a microwave photon detector with quantum efficiency close to unity or as a heterodyne mixer with conversion gain and with mixer noise temperature comparable with the quantum noise limit T sub M = h omega/k. Both of these predictions have been experimentally realized at 36GHz using superconductor-insulator-superconductor junctions. It appears probable that these quasiparticle detectors and mixers will supercede the corresponding Josephson effect devices at millimeter wavelengths. (Author)
Radiation measurements with double-junction stacked Josephson flux-flow oscillator on-chip coupled to a superconductor–insulator–superconductor detector are reported. Impedance matching between the oscillator and the detector has been achieved using a broad band coupling circuit. Radiation power in the detector up to 10 nW has been measured in the frequency range between 170 and 410 GHz. Coherent radiation from two stacked junctions has been observed both at the fundamental Josephson frequency and at its second harmonic. The distribution of the radiation power between the first two harmonics allows us to distinguish between mutually coupled in-phase and out-of-phase flux-flow modes in the junctions. Coherent operation of stacked Josephson junction oscillators in the millimeter and sub-millimeter wave band is demonstrated.
The authors report on the coupling of millimeter and submillimeter waves from a long (3- mu m*350- mu m) Josephson junction to a small (2- mu m*2- mu m) superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junction by using a center-fed interdigital capacitor. Coupled power at around 100 GHz and 261 GHz was observed. Experiments confirm that the critical current density j/sub c/ of a long junction determines the fluxon motion. Coupled irradiation (>3nW) at around 100 GHz, which corresponds to resonant soliton oscillations in low j/sub c/ samples (250 A/cm/sup 2/ to 1000 A/cm/sup 2/), is detected by the SIS junction. The incident power to the SIS detector junction could be tuned with only little frequency pulling by adjusting the current bias of the oscillator. For j/sub c/>1000 A/cm/sup 2/, coupled radiation at around 100 GHz (about 3 nW) and 261 GHz (4.6 nW), from flux-flow oscillations, is also clearly seen. Flux-flow radiation at 350 GHz is also observed. It is concluded that a large j/sub c/ value is preferable for high-frequency flux-flow oscillators.>