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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Exploring quantum magnetism in a chromium Bose-Einstein condensate

A. De Paz, Amodsen Chotia, Arijit Sharma, É. Maréchal, P. Pedri, L. Vernac, B. Laburthe-Tolra, O. Gorceix

Published May 1, 2013• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Magnetic dipole-dipole interactions (MDDIs) are long-ranged and anisotropic. They induce a coupling between spin and angular momentum degrees of freedom paving the way for new interesting physics in the fields of quantum gases and magnetism. This paper thoroughly studies dipolar relaxation (DR) processes in a chromium BEC. Atoms are transferred from the absolute ground state with m = -3 to the excited m = +3 Zeeman state and are loaded in a 3D optical lattice; the magnetic state distribution of this system under various conditions is monitored. In a previous publication, it was demonstrated how the confinement of a quantum gas in 1D and 2D optical lattices deeply modifies the DR processes. In particular, it was shown that DR is inhibited at low magnetic fields when the released energy becomes smaller than the vibrational quantum of energy at the bottom of the lattice wells. In the present work, instability (or decay) of the “excited state BEC” appears as a resonant process as the released energy matches band excitation. Analyzing these resonances as a function of the magnetic field orientation reveals a new manifestation of the anisotropy of MDDIs. The spectroscopy of these resonances as a function of the field intensity is found to be sensitive to the lattice site number occupancy as demonstrated by performing it after various system preparation schemes including number-squeezed Mott states. Decays from sites housing three atoms produce entangled spin and orbital states.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2013.6801740

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Magnetic dipole-dipole interactions (MDDIs) are long-ranged and anisotropic. They induce a coupling between spin and angular momentum degrees of freedom paving the way for new interesting physics in the fields of quantum gases and magnetism. This paper thoroughly studies dipolar relaxation (DR) processes in a chromium BEC. Atoms are transferred from the absolute ground state with m = -3 to the excited m = +3 Zeeman state and are loaded in a 3D optical lattice; the magnetic state distribution of this system under various conditions is monitored. In a previous publication, it was demonstrated how the confinement of a quantum gas in 1D and 2D optical lattices deeply modifies the DR processes. In particular, it was shown that DR is inhibited at low magnetic fields when the released energy becomes smaller than the vibrational quantum of energy at the bottom of the lattice wells. In the present work, instability (or decay) of the “excited state BEC” appears as a resonant process as the released energy matches band excitation. Analyzing these resonances as a function of the magnetic field orientation reveals a new manifestation of the anisotropy of MDDIs. The spectroscopy of these resonances as a function of the field intensity is found to be sensitive to the lattice site number occupancy as demonstrated by performing it after various system preparation schemes including number-squeezed Mott states. Decays from sites housing three atoms produce entangled spin and orbital states.
Dipole-dipole interactions are long-ranged and anisotropic. They induce a coupling between spin and angular momentum degrees of freedom yielding new interesting physics in the field of dilute quantum gases. We have thoroughly studied dipolar relaxation DR processes in a chromium BEC transferred into an excited magnetic m = +3 sublevel and loaded in 1D and 2D optical lattices. We demonstrate and quantify how the confinement of a quantum gas in optical lattices deeply modifies the DR processes. In particular, we show that DR is strongly inhibited at low magnetic fields when the released energy becomes smaller than the vibrational quantum of energy at the bottom of the lattice wells. We show that interband transitions are induced above the corresponding threshold and that metastability of the "excited state BEC" is reached below the 2D threshold.
We study dipolar relaxation of a chromium BEC loaded into a 3D optical lattice. We observe dipolar relaxation resonances when the magnetic energy released during the inelastic collision matches an excitation towards higher energy bands. A spectroscopy of these resonances for two orientations of the magnetic field provides a 3D band spectroscopy of the lattice. The narrowest resonance is registered for the lowest excitation energy. Its line-shape is sensitive to the on-site interaction energy. We use such sensitivity to probe number squeezing in a Mott insulator, and we reveal the production of three-body states with entangled spin and orbital degrees of freedom.
We study dipolar relaxation of a chromium Bose-Einstein condensate loaded into a three-dimensional (3D) optical lattice. We observe dipolar relaxation resonances when the magnetic energy released during the inelastic collision matches an excitation towards higher-energy bands. Spectroscopy of these resonances for two orientations of the magnetic field provides a 3D band spectroscopy of the lattice. The narrowest resonance is registered for the lowest excitation energy. Its line shape is sensitive to the on-site interaction energy. We use such sensitivity to probe number squeezing in a Mott insulator.
We observe interband transitions mediated by the dipole-dipole interaction for an array of 1D quantum gases of chromium atoms, trapped in a 2D optical lattice. Interband transitions occur when dipolar relaxation releases an energy which matches or overcomes the lattice band gap. We analyze the role of tunneling in higher lattice bands on this process. We compare the experimental dipolar relaxation rate with a calculation based on a multiple Fermi Golden Rule approach, when the lattice sites are symmetric, and the magnetic field is parallel to the lattice axis. We also show that an almost complete suppression of dipolar relaxation is obtained below a magnetic field threshold set by the depth of the lattice: 1D quantum gases in an excited Zeeman state then become metastable.
We observe interband transitions mediated by dipole-dipole interactions for an array of 1D quantum gases of chromium atoms, trapped in a 2D optical lattice. Interband transitions occur when dipolar relaxation releases an energy larger than the lattice band gap. For symmetric lattice sites, and a magnetic field parallel to the lattice axis, we compare the measured dipolar relaxation rate with a Fermi golden rule calculation. Below a magnetic field threshold, we obtain an almost complete suppression of dipolar relaxation, leading to metastable 1D gases in the highest Zeeman state.
We create Bose-Einstein Condensates of52Cr atoms in an optical trap. Intense radio-frequency fields are used to induce degeneracy between the Zeeman sub-states of the ground state atoms in the BEC despite an ambient static field of 100 mG. We demonstrate this effect by analyzing atom trajectories under the influence of dressed magnetic potentials. We investigate the problem of adiabaticity in the dressing process. In a further set of experiments, we transfer the atoms from the absolute ground state into the excited Zeeman sub-state and study the dipolar relaxation in ultra-cold gases of chromium atoms above and below the condensation threshold. We observe a minimum in the dipolar relaxation rate for a finite magnetic field value which enables a new determination of the scattering length.