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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Saturating refractive nonlinearities and optical bistability in ZnSe/CdZnSe MQWs at room temperature

Hongyu Li, De Z. Shen, Jiying Zhang, Shumei Wang, Baojun Yang, Guangyou Yu

Published Aug 17, 1998• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The excitonic nonlinear refractive index was calculated by using Kramers-Kronig relation and the saturating absorption of ZnSe/CdZnSe multiple quantum wells (MQWs) was studied under different pump intensities. The maximum nonlinear refractive index change is about -6.19 X 10-3. Excitonic optical bistability in ZnSe/CdZnSe MQWs is investigated at room temperature. The result indicates that the threshold and contrast ratio for the optical bistability in ZnSe/CdZnSe MQWs are about 210Kw/cm2 and 2:1, respectively. On the basis of the excitonic nonlinear theories and excitonic absorption spectra in the ZnSe/CdZnSe MQWs, we attribute the major nonlinear mechanism of the optical bistability in the ZnSe/CdZnSe MQWs to the phase space filling of excitonic states and excitonic band broadening due to exciton-exciton interactions.

DOI
10.1117/12.318110

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The excitonic nonlinear refractive index was calculated by using Kramers-Kronig relation and the saturating absorption of ZnSe/CdZnSe multiple quantum wells (MQWs) was studied under different pump intensities. The maximum nonlinear refractive index change is about -6.19 X 10-3. Excitonic optical bistability in ZnSe/CdZnSe MQWs is investigated at room temperature. The result indicates that the threshold and contrast ratio for the optical bistability in ZnSe/CdZnSe MQWs are about 210Kw/cm2 and 2:1, respectively. On the basis of the excitonic nonlinear theories and excitonic absorption spectra in the ZnSe/CdZnSe MQWs, we attribute the major nonlinear mechanism of the optical bistability in the ZnSe/CdZnSe MQWs to the phase space filling of excitonic states and excitonic band broadening due to exciton-exciton interactions.
ZnTe/CdZnTe multiple quantum wells (MQWs) optical bistable device has been fabricated, and optical bistability in ZnTe/CdZnTe MQWs optical bistable device is investigated on transmission at room temperature. The research result indicates that the threshold and contrast ratio for the optical bistability in Zn-Te/CdZnTe MQWs optical bistable device are about 363 kW/cm2 and 4:1, respectively. On the basis of the excitonic nonlinear theories, excitonic absorption spectrum in the ZnTe/CdZnTe MQWs obtained here, we attribute the major nonlinear mechanism for the optical bistability to the saturating effect of excitonic absorption.
Excitonic optical bistability with nanosecond switching time in ZnSe-ZnS multiple quantum wells (MQWs) with a Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity is investigated at room temperature. The research result indicates that the threshold and contrast ratio for the optical bistability in ZnSe-ZnS MQWs with a FP cavity are about 0.2 MW/cm2 and 6:1, respectively. On the basis of the room temperature excitonic absorption spectra obtained here, we attribute the major nonlinear mechanism for the optical bistability to the excitonic saturating absorption due to phase space filling of excitonic states and excitonic band broadening.
The band edge nonlinear absorption in ZnTe/CdZnTe multiple quantum wells (MQWs) is studied at room temperature. It is found that the exciton absorption peak tends to saturate, broaden and the absorption edge shift to lower energy side with increasing of pump intensities. The optical bistability in ZnTe/CdZnTe MQWs optical bistable device is investigated on transmission at room temperature. The research result indicates that the threshold and contrast ratio for the optical bistability in ZnTe/CdZnTe MQWs optical bistable device are about 292.5 kW/cm2 and 3:1, respectively.
The excitonic nonlinearities in II-VI wide gap semiconductors have recently become an interesting research topic. Andersen et al.1 studied the saturating absorption of excitonic resonance in ZnSe single crystal films and (Zn, Mn)Se superlattices, which they attributed to Coulombic screening for the case of ZnSe film or a wide-well (Zn,Mn)Se quantum well structure at 77 K, and the Coulombic screening and phase space filling for a narrow-well structure. Gribkovskii et al.2 have observed the increase of excitonic absorption optical bistability in ZnSe film and attributed it to excitonic broadening and gap renormalization for the nonlinear mechanism. We report the first observation of optical bistability in ZnSe/ZnS MQWs grown by MOCVD on CaF2 substrates.
We report on an experimental study of the origin of the nonlinearities and the size of the nonlinear index at various wavelengths close to the exciton resonance and the material band gap. It is concluded that for intensities required for optical bistability, the nonlinearity is mainly excitonic for MQWs with well sizes W of 50 and 152 Å which are either smaller or slightly larger than the exciton radius a. For 299-Å MQW, (W ≃ 2a), where the MQW behaves more like bulk but still has distinct excitonic features, the nonlinearity is due to the combination of exciton screening, band filling, and screening of the continuum states. For bulk GaAs, the effect of exciton is comparatively small and the latter two effects are responsible almost equally for the change in the refractive index. The measured nonlinear indices are rather similar for all these samples with the bulk GaAs and 299-Å MWQ exhibiting slightly larger Δn (change in index) for similar carrier densities (or for similar light intensities). The 50-Å MQW has a slightly smaller value of nonlinear index because the nonlinearity which in this sample is due to the saturation of the exciton resonance occurs at higher excitation intensities due to larger exciton binding energy.