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Physical Review A

Subdiffractive solitons of Bose-Einstein condensates in time-dependent optical lattices

Kęstutis Staliūnas, Stefano Longhi

Published Sep 10, 2008• 20 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study Bose-Einstein condensates trapped in periodically shaken shallow optical lattices, and demonstrate the existence of subdiffractive solitons, analogous to those encountered in periodically blinking lattices [K. Staliunas, R. Herrero, and G. J. de Valcarcel, Phys. Rev. E 73, 065603(R) (2006)]. We also show that solitons in periodically shaken optical lattices radiate weakly into the near-to-resonance modes. For typical experimental conditions, however, the soliton lifetime turns out to be much longer than the typical lifetime of the condensate, therefore the subdiffractive solitons are expected to be observable in periodically shaken shallow optical lattices.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.78.033606

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We study Bose-Einstein condensates trapped in periodically shaken shallow optical lattices, and demonstrate the existence of subdiffractive solitons, analogous to those encountered in periodically blinking lattices [K. Staliunas, R. Herrero, and G. J. de Valcarcel, Phys. Rev. E 73, 065603(R) (2006)]. We also show that solitons in periodically shaken optical lattices radiate weakly into the near-to-resonance modes. For typical experimental conditions, however, the soliton lifetime turns out to be much longer than the typical lifetime of the condensate, therefore the subdiffractive solitons are expected to be observable in periodically shaken shallow optical lattices.
We consider a solitonic solution of the self-attractive Bose-Einstein condensate in a one-dimensional external potential of a shallow optical lattice with large periodicity when the lattice is horizontally shaken. We investigate the dynamics of the bright soliton through the properties of the fixed points. The special type of bifurcation results in a simple criterion for the stability of the fixed points depending only on the amplitude of the shaking lattice. Because of the similarity of the equations with those of an ac-driven Josephson junction, some results may find applications in other branches of physics.
A type of matter wave diffraction management is presented that leads to subdiffractive solitonlike structures. The proposed management technique uses two counter-moving, identical periodic potentials (e.g., optical lattices). For suitable lattice parameters, a different type of atomic bandgap structure appears in which the effective atomic mass becomes infinite at the lowest edge of an energy band. This way, normal matter-wave diffraction (proportional to the square of the atomic momentum) is replaced by fourth-order diffraction, and hence the evolution of the system becomes subdiffractive.
The self-trapping phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) in optical lattices is studied by numerically solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Our numerical results reproduce the self-trapping that was observed in a recent experiment [Anker et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 020403 (2005)]. However, we do not find that the appearance of the steep edges on the boundaries of the wave packet is the critical signal of the self-trapping. More importantly, we discover that the self-trapping breaks down at long evolution times; that is, the self-trapping in optical lattices is only temporary and has a lifetime. This temporariness is caused by the tunneling of atoms at the edge of the BEC wave packet towards outside wells. Our analysis shows that the phenomena observed numerically can all be understood by regarding the optical lattice as a train of double-well potentials.
Motivated by the recent experimental achievements in the work with Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), we consider bright matter-wave solitons, in the presence of a parabolic magnetic trap and a spatially periodic optical lattice (OL), in the attractive BEC. We examine pinned states of the soliton and their stability by means of perturbation theory. The analytical predictions are found to be in good agreement with numerical simulations. We then explore possibilities to use a time-modulated OL as a means of stopping and trapping a moving soliton, and of transferring an initially stationary soliton to a prescribed position by a moving OL. We also study the emission of radiation from the soliton moving across the combined magnetic trap and OL. We find that the soliton moves freely (without radiation) across a weak lattice, but suffers strong loss in deeper OLs.
Summary form only given. Since the experimental realization of Bose-Einstein condensation in the magnetically trapped quantum atomic gases, there have now been an enormous quantity of theory devoted to the properties of the trapped Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC). Motivated by the existing experiments, the bulk of the theoretical work has assumed a harmonic trap. Although recently a few papers have considered the consequences of exposing a BEC to a periodic optical potential, BEC confined in an optical lattice is still a new topic in this area. In the work, we develop theory to study the stationary and propagating properties of a Bose-Einstein condensate in an optical lattice. Instead of using an infinite optical lattice, we study the realistic case where the BEC is formed in a finite trapping potential and then is exposed to an infinite periodic potential created by off-resonance multiple laser beams.