We study the potential for coherent transfer of a single electron between the ground states of two anharmonic coupled quantum dots using an adiabatic passage method. We consider the interaction of a quantum dot structure characterized by an asymmetric confining potential by two external electromagnetic fields. We use the method of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) for control of the dynamics of the electron, and ultimately for succeeding the transfer of the electron from the initially occupied quantum dot to the other quantum dot. Results for several values of the parameters of the applied electromagnetic fields are presented, and we show that STIRAP can lead to efficient coherent single electron transfer for a wide range of these parameters.
We investigate the behavior of qubits consisting of three electron spins in double and triple quantum dots subject to external electric fields. Our model includes two independent bias parameters, $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$ and ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{M}$, which both couple to external electromagnetic fields and can be controlled by gate voltages applied to the quantum dot structures. By varying these parameters, one can switch the qubit type by shifting the energies in the single quantum dots, thus changing the electron occupancy in each dot. Starting from the asymmetric resonant exchange qubit with a (2,0,1) and (1,0,2) charge admixture, one can smoothly cross over to the resonant exchange qubit with a detuned (1,1,1) charge configuration, and to the exchange-only qubit with the same charge configuration but equal energy levels down to the hybrid qubits with (1,2,0) and (0,2,1) charge configurations. Here,
(l,m,n) describes a configuration with
l electrons in the left dot,
m electrons in the center dot, and
n electrons in the right dot. We first focus on random electromagnetic field fluctuations, i.e., ``charge noise,'' at each quantum dot resulting in dephasing of the qubit, and we provide a complete map of the resulting dephasing time as a function of the bias parameters. We pay special attention to the so-called sweet spots and double sweet spots of the system, which are least susceptible to noise. In the second part, we investigate the coupling of the qubit system to the coherent quantized electromagnetic field in a superconducting strip-line cavity, and we also provide a complete map of the coupling strength as a function of the bias parameters. We analyze the asymmetric qubit-cavity coupling via $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$ and the symmetric coupling via ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{M}$.
Quantum interference is traditionally interpreted as evidence of intrinsic wave–particle duality, invoking self-interference and wavefunction superposition. Here, we propose an alternative causal framework in which interference arises from interactions between a classical electron and a quantized electromagnetic field. In this picture, electrons follow definite, localized trajectories and produce discrete detection events, while the observed interference pattern emerges statistically from stochastic, nonlocal momentum transfers mediated by quantized field modes. Numerical simulations of the double-slit experiment show that dot-like interference fringes arise without invoking wavefunction collapse or intrinsic matter waves. Doubling the electron mass narrows the fringe spacing in agreement with de Broglie scaling, indicating that the effective wavelength emerges dynamically from particle–field coupling rather than representing an inherent property of the particle. The formulation is based on a rigorously defined Hamiltonian and derived equations describing electromagnetic coupling between particles and the slit environment. Although neutral particles such as neutrons or atoms carry no net charge monopoles, they possess electric or magnetic dipole and higher multipole moments that enable electromagnetic interactions with the slit apparatus, allowing discrete momentum transfer through the quantized field. Our simulations show that interference fringes arise from intermittent singleparticle detection events caused by stochastic momentum impulses from quantized electromagnetic modes. These results suggest a reinterpretation of wave–particle duality: the apparent wave-like behavior of matter may arise from interaction with the inherently wave-like quantized electromagnetic field—whose quanta are photons, the massless U(1)-gauge bosons—rather than from an intrinsic wave nature of the particles themselves. Our analysis is rigorous and is not speculative, because the proposed Hamiltonian for this system is physical. Within this nonlocal hidden-variable framework, the dot-like interference pattern observed in the double-slit experiment emerges from individual electrons traversing one slit at a time while receiving discrete momentum impulses from stochastic, spatially extended quantized electromagnetic fields.