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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Plasmonic analogue of atom systems with two-level to four-level configurations in metamaterials

Hua Xu, Byoung Seung HAM

Published Nov 3, 2010• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) whose mechanism is in destructive quantum interference has been studied in a plasmonic system of metamaterials. Here we study the relation between the plasmonic EIT and atom EIT in multilevel configurations. For numerical simulations finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and density-matrix approach have been used. In the analysis, asymmetric EIT in the plasmonic system is studied for the fundamental understanding of geometry-based transparency. The plasmonic EIT has potential for plasmonic switching using on-demand transparency control.

DOI
10.1117/12.869706

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Europhysics Letters (EPL)•Jun 1, 2012•21 citations
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) whose mechanism is in destructive quantum interference has been studied in a plasmonic system of metamaterials. Here we study the relation between the plasmonic EIT and atom EIT in multilevel configurations. For numerical simulations finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and density-matrix approach have been used. In the analysis, asymmetric EIT in the plasmonic system is studied for the fundamental understanding of geometry-based transparency. The plasmonic EIT has potential for plasmonic switching using on-demand transparency control.
A theoretical model using density matrix approach has been presented to show the polarization dependence of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) in cascade multilevel atomic system. EIT has already been investigated both theoretically and experimentally by using three-level system in lambda (Λ), vee (V), and cascade (Ξ) configurations. However there is asymmetry in absorption measurement. To understand this asymmetry we introduce hyperfine levels in EIT cascade system. We present a five-level atomic system, which is a simple case of87Rb. This study has been extended to investigate the polarization dependence of probe and control lasers on EIT. It has been observed that there is significant change in transparency window for different laser polarizations.
We propose a novel mechanism for generating electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a symmetric metamaterial. The proposed metamaterial consists of double nanorod pairs, perpendicular to each other in the form of a 2-by-2 matrix. This metamaterial shows a polarization-independent EIT-like effect without breaking its symmetry. Since conventional plasmonic EIT metamaterials induce transparency in the transparent window through the coupling between the localized surface plasmon resonance modes, most of existing structures have asymmetric geometry. This limitation means the EIT-like effect can occur only under a particular linearly polarized incident light. The proposed structure, however, has a simple geometry and polarization independence, so it has the potential to be used in high sensitivity sensors and to slow light in the visible spectral range.
The electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), which is a result of destructive interference between different excitation paths in a three-energy-level atomic medium, makes opaque probe light transparent over a range of frequencies. As this EIT effect is usually accompanied with strong dispersion, it has potential applications such as slow light propagation, optical buffering, nonlinear optics, optical sensing, etc. However, for conventional quantum EIT effect which requires stable gas lasers and low temperature environment, the implementation of EIT in chip-scale applications is severely hampered by the scathing experimental requirements. Recently, the EIT-like effect in metamaterials, which are constructed by designing the artificial subwavelength functional elements and arranging the spatial sequences, attracts tremendous attention because of its advantages, such as room temperature manipulability, large bandwidth, and small sizes. In addition, the high-quality factor(Q) value obtained by EIT-like effect has great significance in designing the metamaterial-based devices. In this paper, we design an EIT-like metamaterial with such a structure. The unit cell of the proposed metamaterial is constructed by two asymmetric silicon blocks embedded on a silicon dioxide substrate. Meanwhile, we analyze its optical properties and EIT-like effects by using three-dimension (3D) FDTD method. Based on the coupled Lorentz model, the EIT-like effect of the designed metamaterial is investigated. Then, by employing the electric field distribution on the surface of the metamaterial, and combining with the three-level atomic system, the mechanism of the EIT-like effect is analyzed in detail. We find that the EIT-like effect in the proposed metamaterial has high Q value (Q ≈ 8616) and the high transmission (T = 96%). By changing the length of the silicon block to destroy the asymmetry of the metamaterial structure, an active tuning EIT-like effect is realized. Furthermore, the metamaterial structure has the advantages of low loss, easy preparation, and active-controllability. This study represents an innovative approach to designing the EIT-like metamaterial, which is expected to be useful for designing active tunable slow-light devices and highly sensitive optical sensors.
In this work, using finite-difference time-domain method, we propose and numerically demonstrate a novel way to achieve electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomenon in the reflection spectrum by stacking two different types of coupling effect among different elements of the designed metamaterial. Compared with the conventional EIT-like analogues coming from only one type of coupling effect between bright and dark meta-atoms on the same plane, to our knowledge the novel approach is the first to realize the optically active and precise control of the wavelength position of EIT-like phenomenon using optical metamaterials. An on-to-off dynamic control of the EIT-like phenomenon also can be achieved by changing the refractive index of the dielectric substrate via adjusting an optical pump pulse. Furthermore, in near infrared region, the metamaterial structure can be operated as an ultra-high resolution refractive index sensor with an ultra-high figure of merit (FOM) reaching 3200, which remarkably improve the FOM value of plasmonic refractive index sensors. The novel approach realizing EIT-like spectral shape with easy adjustment to the working wavelengths will open up new avenues for future research and practical application of active plasmonic switch, ultra-high resolution sensors and active slow-light devices.
\n With a metamaterial structure, the phenomenology observed in quantum electromagnetically induced transparency is reproduced. Through the parametric comparison between quantum and classical systems, the physical mechanism of this novel phenomenon has been explained directly in our analysis. In addition, we use another metamaterial structure to mimic a tripod four-level atom and reveal the analog of electromagnetically induced absorption. Our theoretical and experimental studies may not only bring an intuitive understanding of quantum interference in atomic system, but also provide useful guidelines for the design of microwave devices based on metamaterials.\n