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Optics Express

Studies of electromagnetically induced transparency in metamaterials

Hua Xu, Yuehui Lu, YoungPak Lee, Byoung Seung HAM

Published Aug 2, 2010• 55 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have studied electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in metamaterials for various schemes corresponding to those in an atomic medium. We numerically calculate a symmetric dolmen scheme of metamaterials corresponding to a tripod model of EIT-based optical switching and illustrate plasmonic double dark resonances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding and useful guidelines in using metamaterials for plasmonic-based all-optical information processing.

DOI
10.1364/oe.18.017736

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We have studied electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in metamaterials for various schemes corresponding to those in an atomic medium. We numerically calculate a symmetric dolmen scheme of metamaterials corresponding to a tripod model of EIT-based optical switching and illustrate plasmonic double dark resonances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding and useful guidelines in using metamaterials for plasmonic-based all-optical information processing.
Plasmonic electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) can be excited by a single optical field unlike EIT in atom system, since the coupling between the bright and the dark modes is inherently induced through the near-field interaction in metamaterials. As a result, the complexity of the experimental realization can be reduced significantly, while the tunability is lost inevitably.We suggest a scheme that the plasmonic EIT is possible to be actively manipulated even by the single optical field. The bright and the dark modes are selective to be either coupled or uncoupled, depending on the angle of incidence. Even though the mechanical control has the disadvantage for high-speed applications, it paves the way for active manipulation of plasmonic EIT and benefits the clarification of its origin.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) whose mechanism is in destructive quantum interference has been studied in a plasmonic system of metamaterials. Here we study the relation between the plasmonic EIT and atom EIT in multilevel configurations. For numerical simulations finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and density-matrix approach have been used. In the analysis, asymmetric EIT in the plasmonic system is studied for the fundamental understanding of geometry-based transparency. The plasmonic EIT has potential for plasmonic switching using on-demand transparency control.
We propose a novel mechanism for generating electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a symmetric metamaterial. The proposed metamaterial consists of double nanorod pairs, perpendicular to each other in the form of a 2-by-2 matrix. This metamaterial shows a polarization-independent EIT-like effect without breaking its symmetry. Since conventional plasmonic EIT metamaterials induce transparency in the transparent window through the coupling between the localized surface plasmon resonance modes, most of existing structures have asymmetric geometry. This limitation means the EIT-like effect can occur only under a particular linearly polarized incident light. The proposed structure, however, has a simple geometry and polarization independence, so it has the potential to be used in high sensitivity sensors and to slow light in the visible spectral range.
Optical materials exhibit significant losses over the resonance frequency of their constituent atoms and so they are practically implemented at frequencies far from resonances. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) provides a method for effective suppression of optical loss in a narrow window over the resonance, where the medium exhibits significant dispersion but at the expense of zero susceptibility. The classical or plasmonic analogs of the EIT effect are introduced and widely used in the context of electromagnetic or optical metamaterials (MMs). In another interesting phenomenon in quantum optics known as enhancement of index of refraction (EIR), the optical loss of the medium can be zero or even negative at the region of maximal susceptibility and negligible dispersion. This condition is interesting for applications where a strong electromagnetic response of the medium with negligible loss is required, such as zero- or negative-index metamaterials (MMs). Here we introduce a plasmonic analog of the EIR which allows for coherent control over the polarizability and absorption of plasmonic nanoantennas. It can open up the way for loss-compensated propagation of optical waves in zero-index to high-refractive-index plasmonic MMs. The scheme also offers an approach to all-optical switching and coherent control of transmission, diffraction, and polarization conversion properties of plasmonic nanostructures, as well as propagation properties of surface plasmon polaritons on metasurfaces.
We theoretically investigate the classical analog of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) in a planar metamaterial at optical frequency, which originates from destructive and constructive interference between dark and radiative elements.The metamaterial consists of two coupled resonators with different geometries.An EIT-like transparent window with low absorption is observed and found to be strongly affected by resonant states of the resonators.The transition between the EIT and EIA is achieved by changing the split width and coupling distance.The absorption is enhanced up to 2.5 times compared with the dipolar case.The excitation of the dark mode is very important for EIT-and EIA-like responses of the proposed metamaterial.The EIT and EIA phenomena offer a potential method for manipulating electromagnetic response in metamaterial-based devices.
In this paper, we theoretically demonstrate that electromagnetic transparency can be induced by optical magnetism in a metamaterial, which is composed of metamolecules. Each metamolecule consists of a metallic split-ring resonator, as one bright meta-atom (which is optically magnetic), and also a cut-wire pair, as one dark meta-atom (which is optically nonmagnetic). It is found that magnetic resonances occur at optical frequencies due to the local magnetic interaction between ``bright'' meta-atoms and ``dark'' meta-atoms; thereafter, a transparency window emerges upon the original absorption background. The phenomenon is similar to the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in atomic three-level systems, and a microscopic picture is given to compare it with the EIT. Furthermore, low loss and slow light in this metamaterial have also been verified. The investigations may achieve potential applications on integrated optical circuits.