Unified Hamiltonian theory of relativistic particle equations

K.H. Tzou

In this paper, as suggested by the classical Hamiltonian equations, a new set of corresponding relativistic equations is set up. Therefrom a relativistic form of Heisenberg's equation is obtained. The relativistic Hamiltonian system of a particle according to the formulation here established has been fully discussed and by following it, however, Dirac's equation appears only naturally as a necessary form of relativistic wave equation for electron in quantum mechanics. The process of taking square root in Dirac's theory is seen to have its classical analogy. Finally, some applications of the relativistic Heisenberg's equation to Dirac's theory have been discussed and it has thereby been pointed out that this equation brings some quantities to being more symmetrical in the relativity sense and also some more general than those the non-relativistic equation can give.

Richard F. Arens

Fatemeh Ahmadi, Afshin Shafiee

As a serious attempt for constructing a new foundation for describing micro-entities from a causal standpoint, it was explained before in [1, 2, 3] that by unifying the concepts of information, matter and energy, each micro-entity is assumed to be composed of a probability field joined to a particle called a particle-field or PF system. In this essay, the relativistic generalization of the PF theory has been considered. The equation of motion for the PF system is derived in a form which is Lorentz-invariant. Moreover, based on constitutional similarities to classical equations of motion, a well-defined relativistic time-independent Schrodinger equation is derived, which is one of our main achievements in developing a micro-relativistic physics of PF theory. This relativistic Schrodinger equation is solved for a relativistic micro-particle in one-dimensional box to find its eigenstate and energy spectrum.

Fritz Rohrlich

Eugene Paul Wigner

Wei Wen

The Feynman path integral plays a central role in quantum mechanics, linking classical action to propagators and relating quantum electrodynamics (QED) to Feynman diagrams. However, the path-integral formulations used in non-relativistic quantum mechanics and in QED are neither unified nor directly connected. This suggests the existence of a missing path integral that bridges relativistic action and the Dirac equation at the single-particle level. In this work, we analyze the consistency and completeness of existing path-integral theories and identify a spinor path integral that fills this gap. Starting from a relativistic action written in spinor form, we construct a spacetime path integral whose kernel reproduces the Dirac Hamiltonian. The resulting formulation provides a direct link between the relativistic classical action and the Dirac equation, and it naturally extends the scalar relativistic path integral developed in our earlier work. Beyond establishing this structural connection, the spinor path integral offers a new way to interpret the origin of classical mechanics for the Dirac equation and suggests a spacetime mechanism for spin and quantum nonlocal correlations. These features indicate that the spinor path integral can serve as a unifying framework for existing path-integral approaches and as a starting point for further investigations into the spacetime structure of quantum mechanics.