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Chinese Optics Letters

Analysis of Faraday–Michelson quantum key distribution system with unbalanced attenuation

Xiaotian Song, Hongwei Li, Chun-Mei Zhang, Dong Wang, Shuang Wang Shuang Wang, Zhen−Qiang Yin, Wei Chen Wei Chen, Zheng‐Fu Han

Published Jan 1, 2015• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a major research topic because it provides unconditional security.Unfortunately, many imperfections remain in QKD's experimental realization.The Faraday-Michelson (FM) QKD system is proposed to eliminate these imperfections using polarization.However, the long arm's phase modulator (PM) has an unexpected insertion loss, meaning that the state sent is no longer perfect.In this letter, we propose an alternative FM-QKD system structure, and analyze the security and key generation rate in comparison with the original system via different analysis methods.We find an obvious key rate improvement when the PM insertion loss is not extremely small.

DOI
10.3788/col201513.012701

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a major research topic because it provides unconditional security.Unfortunately, many imperfections remain in QKD's experimental realization.The Faraday-Michelson (FM) QKD system is proposed to eliminate these imperfections using polarization.However, the long arm's phase modulator (PM) has an unexpected insertion loss, meaning that the state sent is no longer perfect.In this letter, we propose an alternative FM-QKD system structure, and analyze the security and key generation rate in comparison with the original system via different analysis methods.We find an obvious key rate improvement when the PM insertion loss is not extremely small.
Quantum key distribution(QKD) is a major research topic because it provides unconditional security. Unfortunately, many imperfections remain in QKD’s experimental realization. The Faraday–Michelson(FM) QKD system is proposed to eliminate these imperfections using polarization. However, the long arm’s phase modulator(PM) has an unexpected insertion loss, meaning that the state sent is no longer perfect. In this letter, we propose an alternative FM-QKD system structure, and analyze the security and key generation rate in comparison with the original system via different analysis methods. We find an obvious key rate improvement when the PM insertion loss is not extremely small.
Abstract For the practical Faraday mirror (FM) in a continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) system there exists a rotation angle deviation that can lead to a loss of photon number when a light message passes through the polarization beam splitter. Here we employ the entanglement-based model to research the influence of the FM’s imperfection. Based on parameter estimation, the imperfection can introduce a loophole for Eve to obtain information. The secret key rate of the CVQKD will be impaired. Finally, a novel method is proposed to ensure system performance by compensating optical power, and we further study the relationship between the secret key rate and the modulation variance.
A new differential phase shift quantum key distribution system based on the intensity modulator with Faraday-Michelson interferometer is demonstrated experimentally. Some technologies are employed to improve the performance of the quantum key distribution system. These technologies include the clock generation technology of arbitrary frequency by a small scale frequency-split and phase locked loop scheme, the new method to acquire the half-wave voltage of the phase modulator with a high accuracy in the condition of the single photon count, and the auto-compensated polarization technology by the Faraday-Michelson interferometer. Finally, the quantum key distribution is achieved with a quantum bit error rate of 3.9% when the transmission distance reaches 50 km.
The one-way Faraday–Michelson system is a very useful practical quantum cryptography system where Faraday mirrors (FMs) play an important role. In this paper we analyze the security of this system against imperfect FMs. We consider the security loophole caused by imperfect FMs in Alice’s and Bob’s security zones. Then we implement a passive FM attack in this system. By changing the values of the imperfection parameters of Alice’s FMs, we calculate the quantum bit error rate between Alice and Bob induced by Eve and the probability that Eve obtains outcomes successfully. It is shown that the imperfection of one of Alice’s two FMs makes the system sensitive to an attack. Finally we give a modified key rate as a function of the FM imperfections. The security analysis indicates that both Alice’s and Bob’s imperfect FMs can compromise the secure key.
For the unconditional secure quantum key distribution (QKD), Faraday-Michelson interferometers (FMI) based system provide an intrinsic way to avoid the influence from the birefringence effect through fiber. In our paper, we designed an electronics system for the FMI-based QKD system with high repetition rate. The system was tested in 125 MHz repetition rate for more than 16 hours and obtained a quantum bit error rate less than 4%, which is to our knowledge the highest repetition rate result for FMI-based QKD system.
The Faraday mirror (FM) plays a very important role in maintaining the stability of two-way plug-and-play quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. However, the practical FM is imperfect, which will not only introduce an additional quantum bit error rate (QBER) but also leave a loophole for Eve to spy the secret key. In this paper we propose a passive Faraday mirror attack in two-way QKD system based on the imperfection of FM. Our analysis shows that if the FM is imperfect, the dimension of Hilbert space spanned by the four states sent by Alice is three instead of two. Thus Eve can distinguish these states with a set of Positive Operator Valued Measure (POVM) operators belonging to three-dimension space, which will reduce the QBER induced by her attack. Furthermore, a relationship between the degree of the imperfection of FM and the transmittance of the practical QKD system is obtained. The results show that the probability that Eve loads her attack successfully depends on the degree of the imperfection of FM rapidly, but the QBER induced by Eve's attack changes slightly with the degree of the FM imperfection.