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Applied Physics Letters

Disorder-limited photon propagation and Anderson-localization in photonic crystal waveguides

Nicholas Andrew Wasley, Isaac John Luxmoore, R. J. Coles, Edmund Clarke, A. M. Fox, Maurice S. Skolnick

Published Jul 30, 2012• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate the disorder-limited propagation of photons in photonic crystal waveguides in the slow-light regime. We use analysis of Fabry-Perot resonances to map the mode dispersion and extract the photon localization length. Propagation lengths are deduced to be limited to less than 20 μm for group index >50. Anderson-localized modes are observed at high group indices, when the localization lengths are shorter than the waveguide lengths, consistent with the Fabry-Perot analysis. The results have consequences for integrated quantum-dot single-photon circuits which rely on slow-light effects to enhance emission rates.

DOI
10.1063/1.4742743

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We investigate the disorder-limited propagation of photons in photonic crystal waveguides in the slow-light regime. We use analysis of Fabry-Perot resonances to map the mode dispersion and extract the photon localization length. Propagation lengths are deduced to be limited to less than 20 μm for group index >50. Anderson-localized modes are observed at high group indices, when the localization lengths are shorter than the waveguide lengths, consistent with the Fabry-Perot analysis. The results have consequences for integrated quantum-dot single-photon circuits which rely on slow-light effects to enhance emission rates.
We present a theoretical and numerical analysis of pulse propagation in a semiconductor photonic crystal waveguide with embedded quantum dots in a regime where the pulse is subjected to both waveguide and material dispersion. The group index and the transmission are investigated by finite-difference-time-domain Maxwell–Bloch simulations and compared to analytic results. For long pulses the group index (transmission) for the combined system is significantly enhanced (reduced) relative to slow light based on purely material or waveguide dispersion. Shorter pulses are strongly distorted and depending on parameters broadening or break-up of the pulse may be observed. The transition from linear to nonlinear pulse propagation is quantified in terms of the spectral width of the pulse.
We have theoretically studied the excitation transfer between distant quantum dots in a photonic crystal waveguide. Due to Anderson localization of disordered position and size of the photonic crystal holes was found to have a highly nontrivial effect on the interaction. We have simulated realistic systems with different magnitudes of the disorder and showed that while localization indeed has a profound effect on both range and magnitude of the dot-dot excitation transfer rate at several |im distance. The average excitation transfer rate was found to be larger than 10μev at distance on the order of 10μm. The transfer time to this corresponded was on the order of 10 ps, close to the single qubit operation time and much shorter than the decoherence time measured. The obtained results were found in good agreement with previous results.
Light transmission measurements and frequency-delay reflectometry maps for GaAs photonic crystal membranes are presented and analyzed, showing the transition from propagation with a well-defined group velocity to a regime completely dominated by disorder-induced coherent scattering. Employing a self-consistent optical scattering theory, with only statistical functions to describe the structural disorder, we obtain excellent agreement with the experiments using no fitting parameters. Our experiments and theory together provide clear physical insight into naturally occurring light localization and multiple coherent-scattering phenomena in slow-light waveguides.
We study slow light pulse propagation in a photonic crystal structure consisting of a dispersive and absorptive dielectric material and compare it with the constant wave case. The group index and the transmission are investigated for the example of an ensemble of semiconductor quantum dots embedded in a photonic crystal waveguide by FDTD Maxwell‐Bloch simulations. The total group index scales linearly with the material based group index while the transmission has a power dependency on the material based absorption coefficient.
We report the generation of correlated photon pairs in the telecom C-band at room temperature from a dispersion-engineered silicon photonic crystal waveguide. The spontaneous four-wave mixing process producing the photon pairs is enhanced by slow-light propagation enabling an active device length of less than 100 μm. With a coincidence to accidental ratio of 12.8 at a pair generation rate of 0.006 per pulse, this ultracompact photon pair source paves the way toward scalable quantum information processing realized on-chip.