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Laser Physics

Resonant formation of few-cycle pulses by hydrogen-like atoms with time-dependent resonance

Yevgeny V. Radeonychev, V. A. Antonov, Olga A. Kocharovskaya

Published Jul 10, 2013• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We show the possibility of producing a short bunch of nearly bandwidth-limited few-cycle attosecond pulses based on time-dependent resonant interaction of an incident radiation pulse with the bound states of hydrogen-like atoms. Time-dependence of an atomic resonance is provided by a laser pulse far from resonance with an intensity well below the atomic ionization threshold via time-dependent tunnel ionization from the excited states and time-dependent adiabatic Stark splitting of the excited energy levels. Without external matching of the spectral components it is possible to produce pulses with durations up to 80 as at the carrier wavelength of 13.5 nm in Li 2+ -plasma, as well as pulses with durations up to 600 as at the carrier wavelength of 122 nm in atomic hydrogen.

DOI
10.1088/1054-660x/23/8/085303

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We show the possibility of producing a short bunch of nearly bandwidth-limited few-cycle attosecond pulses based on time-dependent resonant interaction of an incident radiation pulse with the bound states of hydrogen-like atoms. Time-dependence of an atomic resonance is provided by a laser pulse far from resonance with an intensity well below the atomic ionization threshold via time-dependent tunnel ionization from the excited states and time-dependent adiabatic Stark splitting of the excited energy levels. Without external matching of the spectral components it is possible to produce pulses with durations up to 80 as at the carrier wavelength of 13.5 nm in Li 2+ -plasma, as well as pulses with durations up to 600 as at the carrier wavelength of 122 nm in atomic hydrogen.
We show the possibility to produce nearly bandwidth-limited few-cycle pulses based on time-dependent resonant interaction of an incident radiation with the bound states of hydrogenlike atoms. A time-dependence of an atomic resonance is provided by far-off-resonant laser field with intensity much below the atomic ionization threshold via time-dependent tunnel ionization from the excited states and temporal adiabatic Stark splitting of the excited energy levels. Without external synchronization of the spectral components it is possible to produce a train of two-cycle pulses at 121.6 nm with duration 800 as in atomic hydrogen.
We derive an analytical solution uncovering the origin of few-cycle attosecond pulse formation from vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation in an atomic gas simultaneously irradiated by a moderately strong infrared (IR) laser field, which does not perturb atoms in the ground state, but induces rapid quasistatic ionization from the excited states [Polovinkin et al., Opt. Lett. 36, 2296 (2011)]. The derived solution shows that the pulses are produced due to periodic switching of the resonant interaction between the incident VUV radiation and the atoms: turning it off near the crests of the IR-field strength and switching it back on near the IR-field zero crossings. We extend the method originally proposed by Polovinkin et al. [Opt. Lett. 36, 2296 (2011)] to non-hydrogen-like media and show that the pulses can be produced from resonant VUV radiation in a variety of atomic gases. The pulses are nearly bandwidth limited without external adjustment of phases of the generated sidebands. Proximity of the carrier frequency of the produced pulses to intra-atomic resonances may allow their efficient utilization for nondestructive steering of ultrafast dynamics of the bound electrons. The experimental possibilities for attosecond pulse formation from 58.4 nm VUV radiation in helium and from 73.6 nm VUV radiation in neon dressed by the 3.9 \ensuremath{\mu}m laser field, as well as from 122 nm VUV radiation in atomic hydrogen dressed by CO2\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}CO2​-laser field are discussed.
We perform an ab initio study of the ultimate capabilities and limits of applicability of the method for few-cycle pulse formation via the resonant interaction of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation with atoms dressed by a moderately strong infrared (IR) laser field proposed in two earlier works [Y. V. Radeonychev et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 183902 (2010) and V. A. Polovinkin et al., Opt. Lett. 36, 2296 (2011)]. Taking into account all the multiphoton processes in the systems under consideration on the basis of numerical solution of the three-dimensional time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation (TDSE) in the single-active-electron approximation, we show the possibilities to produce 1.1-fs pulses from 124.6-nm XUV radiation via the linear Stark effect in atomic hydrogen, as well as 500-as pulses from 58.4-nm XUV radiation via excited-state ionization in helium. We derive a generalized analytical solution, which takes into account the interplay between sub-laser-cycle Stark effect and excited-state ionization and allows us to analyze the results of TDSE calculations. We found that the ultimate intensity of the IR field suitable for few-cycle pulse formation via the linear Stark effect or excited-state ionization is limited by the threshold for atomic ionization from the resonant excited state or the ground state, respectively. We show that the pulses with shorter duration can be produced in the medium of ions with higher values of the ionization potential.
We study a novel method to produce extremely short pulses of radiation in a resonant medium via induced transparency by means of adiabatic periodic modulation of atomic transition frequencies by far-off-resonant laser field, which causes linear Stark splitting of atomic energy levels resulting in partial transparency of an optically deep medium and drastic spectral modification of an incident resonant radiation. We find the regimes where the output spectrum corresponds to extremely short pulses and discuss several possible experimental realizations of generation of attosecond pulses in Li 2+ ions and femtosecond pulses in atomic hydrogen with commercially available facilities.
We derive the analytical solution uncovering the origin of the ultrashort pulse formation from the resonant radiation in a hydrogenlike medium [Y. V. Radeonychev, V. A. Polovinkin, and O. Kocharovskaya, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 183902 (2010)], which is a quantum interference of the atomic transitions from the ground to the first excited energy level split by an intense far-off-resonant laser field due to the instantaneous Stark effect into the periodically oscillating sublevels and interference of the resonantly scattered radiation with the incident one. The analytical solution shows that the pulses are almost bandwidth limited and can be produced in a wide range of parameters in excellent agreement with the more general numerical simulation. The experimental schemes to form few-femtosecond pulses from 122-nm radiation in atomic hydrogen as well as few-hundred-attosecond pulses from 13.74-nm radiation in a Li2+{}^{2+}2+ medium are discussed.