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Laser Physics

Polarization squeezing with photonic crystal fibers

J. Milanovic, J. Heersink, Christoph Marquardt, Alexander Huck, Ulrik L. Andersen, Gerd Leuchs

Published Apr 1, 2007• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report on the generation of polarization squeezing by employing intense, ultrashort light pulses in a single pass method in photonic crystal fibers. We investigated the squeezing behavior near the zero-dispersion wavelength and in the anomalous dispersion regime by using two distinct fibers. We observed a maximal squeezing at 810 nm of −3.3 ± 0.3 dB with an excess noise of +16.8 ± 0.3 dB in the anomalous regime. Correcting for linear and interference losses between the polarization modes, this corresponds to −6 ± 1 dB. The ratio of squeezing to excess noise indicates the creation of a much purer state; this ratio indeed lies an order of magnitude below those squeezing experiments that exploit traditional fibers [1]. We attribute this increased state of purity to increased effective nonlinearity and to the reduction of scattering on acoustic modes in the fiber.

DOI
10.1134/s1054660x07040408

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We report on the generation of polarization squeezing by employing intense, ultrashort light pulses in a single pass method in photonic crystal fibers. We investigated the squeezing behavior near the zero-dispersion wavelength and in the anomalous dispersion regime by using two distinct fibers. We observed a maximal squeezing at 810 nm of −3.3 ± 0.3 dB with an excess noise of +16.8 ± 0.3 dB in the anomalous regime. Correcting for linear and interference losses between the polarization modes, this corresponds to −6 ± 1 dB. The ratio of squeezing to excess noise indicates the creation of a much purer state; this ratio indeed lies an order of magnitude below those squeezing experiments that exploit traditional fibers [1]. We attribute this increased state of purity to increased effective nonlinearity and to the reduction of scattering on acoustic modes in the fiber.
Photonic Crystal Fibers can be tailored to increase the effective Kerr nonlinearity, while producing smaller amounts of excess noise compared to standard silicon fibers. Using these features of Photonic Crystal Fibers we create polarization squeezed states with increased purity compared to standard fiber squeezing experiments. Explicit we produce squeezed states in counter propagating pulses along the same fiber axis to achieve near identical dispersion properties. This enables the production of polarization squeezing through interference in a polarization type Sagnac interferometer. We observe Stokes parameter squeezing of -3.9 +/-0.3dB and anti-squeezing of 16.2 +/-0.3dB.
Photonic crystal fibres (PCF) can be tailored to introduce a high effective nonlinear Kerr effect and to create lower amounts of excess noise compared to standard fibres. By exploiting both polarisation axes of the polarisation maintaining PCF we can generate two independent polarisation squeezed beams that can be used to create polarisation entanglement. We generated a maximum squeezing of-3.9 Aring plusmn 0.3 dB and a corresponding anti-squeezing of 16.8 Aring plusmn 0.3 dB. Furthermore we investigate the generation of polarisation squeezing in photonic crystal fibres by using a single pass setup where both the slow and fast axis has to be utilized. Taking advantage of these features and using ultrashort pulses we create polarisation squeezed states with notably higher purity than obtained in standard fibres.
We experimentally demonstrate the generation of a squeezed vacuum pulse at 810 nm with a fiber polarization interferometer. During femtosecond laser pulse propagation through an optical fiber in the normal dispersion regime, only self-phase modulation within a short length contributes to pulse squeezing since the laser pulse is immediately broadened. Guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) noise that increases in proportional to the fiber length is also lower with shorter fibers. Consequently, a maximum noise reduction of 2.1 dB (4.8 dB when corrected for losses) is obtained using a 40-cm-long single mode optical fiber.
The greater confinement of light that is possible in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) leads to greater effective nonlinearity, which promises to yield greater quantum squeezing than is possible in standard optical fiber. However, experimental work to date has not achieved improvements over standard fiber. We present a comprehensive numerical investigation of polarization squeezing in PCF in a Sagnac configuration. By including loss, a noninstantaneous Raman response, excess phase-noise, second- and third-order dispersion, and self-steepening, the simulations are able to identify the physical factors that limit current PCF squeezing experiments.
Squeezed light, which is easily degraded by loss, could benefit from generation directly in optical fiber. Furthermore, highly nonlinear fiber could offer more efficient generation with lower pump power and shorter fiber lengths than standard single-mode fiber. We investigate non-polarization-maintaining highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) for squeezed-light generation by characterizing possible sources of excess noise, including its zero-dispersion wavelength (ZDW) variation and polarization noise. We find significant ZDW variation and excess polarization noise. We believe the polarization noise is from non-linear polarization-mode dispersion. We model this polarization noise and find that it is likely to degrade Kerr squeezing but not squeezing from four-wave mixing.