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Physical Review A

Violations of classical inequalities in quantum optics

M. D. Reid, Daniel F. Walls

Published Aug 1, 1986• 259 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A review is given of correlation experiments in optics which explicitly distinguish between the predictions of classical and quantum theory. In particular, the Cauchy-Schwarz and Bell's inequalities and the phenomena of photon antibunching and squeezing are discussed. The violation of classical inequalities is shown to be associated with the nonexistence of a positive Glauber-Sudarshan P function. An example is given of a dissipative system where a violation of Bell's inequality occurs.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.34.1260

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A review is given of correlation experiments in optics which explicitly distinguish between the predictions of classical and quantum theory. In particular, the Cauchy-Schwarz and Bell's inequalities and the phenomena of photon antibunching and squeezing are discussed. The violation of classical inequalities is shown to be associated with the nonexistence of a positive Glauber-Sudarshan P function. An example is given of a dissipative system where a violation of Bell's inequality occurs.
An optical field produced by intracavity four-wave mixing is shown to exhibit the following nonclassical features: photon antibunching, squeezing, and violation of Cauchy-Schwarz and Bell's inequalities. These intrinsic quantum mechanical effects are shown to be associated with the nonexistence of a positive normalizable Glauber-Sudarshan PPP function.
In Chapter 1 we consider the question of squeezing in a two-photon laser. A two-photon laser is modelled as N two-level atoms interacting via a two-photon transition with a single resonant cavity field mode. A Fokker-Planck equation containing all leading noise terms is derived. A linearised fluctuation analysis reveals that there is no squeezing in a two-photon laser with injected signal. A small amount of squeezing is present in two-photon optical bistability. In Chapter 2 a microscopic model of degenerate four wave mixing including the quantisation of the medium is presented. Time-dependent solutions show ideal squeezing to be obtained in the limits of large detuning, low saturation and zero loss. The effect of nonideal atomic parameters is analysed. Equations describing the spatial propagation of the field through the medium are also derived. In Chapters 3 and 4 we are concerned with quantum effects, in particular violation of Bell's Inequalities, present in optical systems. An optical field produced by an intracavity four wave mixing is shown to exhibit the nonclassical features of photon antibunching, squeezing and violation of Cauchy-Schwarz and Bell's Inequalities. These intrinsic quantum mechanical effects are shown to be associated with the nonexistence of a positive normalizable Glauber-Sudarshan P-function.
A review is made of some quantum effects that have no classical analogs: antibunching and sub-Poisson statistics of photons, violation of the classical Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, and squeezed states of light. Nonclassical effects in the generation of harmonics and collective resonance fluorescence are investigated. Various schemes for generating squeezed states of light are proposed, and conditions for obtaining highly squeezed states are indicated. Possible applications of quantum light are also discussed.
From the early days of quantum mechanics, there has been a discussion on the concept of reality, exemplified by the EPR paradox. To many, the idea of the paradox and the possibility of local hidden variables was dismissed by the Bell inequality. Yet, there remains considerable evidence that this inequality can be violated even by classical systems, so that experiments showing quantum behavior and the violation of the inequality must be questioned. Here, we demonstrate that classical optical polarization experiments can be shown to violate the Bell inequality. Hence, such experiments cannot be used to distinguish between classical and quantum theories.
We discuss some mathematical aspects of photon antibunching and sub-Poisson photon statistics. It is known that Bell's inequalities for entangled states can be reduced to the Cauchy-Bunyakovsky inequalities. In this note some rigorous results on impossibility of classical hidden variables representations of certain quantum correlation functions are proved which are also based on the Cauchy-Bunyakovsky inequalities. The difference K between the variance and the mean as a measure of non-classicality of a state is discussed. For the classical case K is nonnegative while for the n-particle state it is negative and moreover it equals -n. The non-classicality of quantum states discussed here for the sub-Poisson statistics is different from another non-classicality called entanglement though both can be traced to the violation of the Cauchy-Bunyakovsky inequality.
A Cauchy-Schwarz inequality in photon noise spectra is derived and discussed for macroscopic fields of light. Violation of this Cauchy-Schwarz inequality is demonstrated experimentally in quantum noise-correlated light beams radiated from a pair of electrically coupled light-emitting diodes. Our measurements directly demonstrate that the violation of this Cauchy-Schwarz inequality can be observed in the absence of sub-shot noise fluctuations in either the single-beam intensity or the dual-beam intensity difference. Therefore, the dual-beam quantum correlation condition required for the violation of this Cauchy-Schwarz inequality is not associated with sub-shot noise fluctuations.