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Physical Review B

Quantum behavior of underdamped Josephson devices

Valentina Corato, S. Rombetto, C. Granata, E. Esposito, Luigi Longobardi, M. Russo, Roberto Russo, B. Ruggiero, P. Silvestrini

Published Nov 1, 2004• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present an experimental characterization of $\mathrm{Nb}∕\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}∕\mathrm{Nb}$ Josephson devices in the quantum regime. Josephson junctions and fully integrated Josephson devices consisting of an rf SQUID coupled to a read-out system based on a dc SQUID have been measured. Data on the decay rates from the metastable states show evidence of macroscopic quantum tunneling with a very low dissipation level and a high isolation of the devices from the external environment.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.70.172502

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We present an experimental study of the effective dissipation of a fully integrated Nb/AlOx/Nb{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{O}}_{x}/\mathrm{Nb}Nb/AlOx​/Nb Josephson device consisting of a rf superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) coupled to a readout system based on a dc SQUID sensor. In the classical regime data on the decay rate from the metastable flux states of rf SQUID are reported. The low dissipation level and the good insulation of the probe from the external noise are encouraging in view of building a macroscopic quantum device.
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We report experiments on energy level quantization in Nb/AlOx/Nb Josephson junctions while measurements on SQUIDs are in progress. Data on the presence of energy level quantization are shown at temperatures above the classical-quantum regime crossover temperature. This has been possible by extending the measurements of the rate of the escape from the zero-voltage state at higher sweep bias rate in order to induce non-stationary conditions in the energy potential describing the junction dynamics. Data are compatible with extremely low "effective" dissipation in our system. Theoretical predictions on quantum effects related to the presence of non-stationary conditions in the potential associated to a rf SQUID are reported in view of new possible experiments.
We have studied the temperature dependence of escape phenomena in various underdamped Josephson junctions (JJs). The junctions had different Josephson coupling energies E J which were relatively small, but larger than the charging energy E C . Upon increasing the temperature T , we first observe the usual cross-over between macroscopic quantum tunnelling and thermally activated (TA) behaviour at temperatures k B T ∼ ℏω p , where ω p is the plasma frequency of the junction. Increasing T further, the width of the switching current distribution has, counterintuitively, a non-monotonic temperature dependence. This can be explained by the novel cross-over from TA behaviour to underdamped phase diffusion. We show that this cross-over is expected to occur at temperatures such that k B T ∼ E J (1 − 4/π Q ) 3 /2, where Q is the quality factor of the junction at the plasma frequency, in agreement with experiment. Our findings can be compared with detailed model calculations which take into account dissipation and level quantization in a metastable well. Particular attention is paid to the sample with the smallest E J , which shows extensive phase diffusion even at the lowest temperatures. This sample consists of a dc-SQUID and a single JJ close to each other, such that the SQUID acts as a tunable inductive protection for the single junction from fluctuations of a dissipative environment. By varying the flux through the dc-SQUID, we present, for the first time, experimental evidence of the escape of a JJ from the phase diffusion regime to the free running state in a tunable environment. We also show that in the zero voltage state the losses mainly occur at frequencies near the plasma resonance.