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Contemporary Physics

Squeezing the quantum fluctuations of light

Gerd Leuchs

Published May 1, 1988• 33 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper is intended to be an introduction to the field of non-classical light. Starting from a pictorial discussion of the properties of the radiation field, examples for the generation and possible applications of squeezed states of the light field are given.
DOI
10.1080/00107518808224378

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The physical picture of the properties of light in squeezed and in other nonclassical states is presented and compared with the properties of light in the classical coherent state. The theoretical basis of the description and the generation of squeezed light is presented, and a practical scheme for obtaining light in other of its nonclassical states is discussed. The general nature of the phenomenon is emphasized, as well as the possibility of its transfer to other fields such as acoustics, mechanics, and various Bose fields.
In Section 11.5 we showed that, although the complex amplitude of the electromagnetic field has a well-defined value in any coherent state, yet the real and imaginary (Hermitian and anti-Hermitian) parts of the field fluctuate with equal dispersions. The phenomenon of vacuum fluctuations is a manifestation of this effect, because the vacuum state is an example of a particular coherent state. This behavior is quite different from that of an ordinary, classical field. In a squeezed state, which is even more non-classical, as we shall see, one part of the field fluctuates less and another part fluctuates more than in the vacuum state. In general, a squeezed state is one in which the distribution of canonical variables over the phase space has been distorted or ‘squeezed’ in such a way that the dispersion of one variable is reduced at the cost of an increase in the dispersion of the other variable. In the following we shall examine the properties of squeezed states when the two canonical variables are two quadratures of the electromagnetic field. Although the squeezing terminology is sometimes applied to variables other than the two field quadratures, it is less meaningful in those cases. A number of review articles on squeezing have been published and can be consulted for more details (Walls, 1983; Schumaker, 1986; Loudon and Knight, 1987; Teich and Saleh, 1989, 1990; Kimble, 1992).
The search for optical fields with quantum fluctuations less than that of a perfectly coherent signal has reopened questions of appropriate signatures of non-classicality. Squeezed light fields have phase dependent noise that for some phase angles can be substantially less than the normal vacuum fluctuations. Sub-Poissonian light has photon number fluctuations below those expected from naive "shot noise" considerations. In this talk, I will review the progress made in understanding non-classical light, and discuss measures of non-classicality.
Squeezed light is of interest as an example of a non-classical state of the electromagnetic field and because of its applications both in technology and in fundamental quantum physics. This review concentrates on one aspect of squeezed light, namely its application in atomic spectroscopy. The general properties, detection and application of squeezed light are first reviewed. The basic features of the main theoretical methods (master equations, quantum Langevin equations, coupled systems) used to treat squeezed light spectroscopy are then outlined. The physics of squeezed light interactions with atomic systems is dealt with first for the simpler case of two-level atoms and then for the more complex situation of multi-level atoms and multi-atom systems. Finally the specific applications of squeezed light spectroscopy are reviewed.