1. ~"~.OUY ?and RA'ZLEIG~r :~ have recently] discussed ~9t the question of interference phenomena observed with a source of white light, and have arrived at important results.When the two interfering beams pass through the slit of a spectroscope, the spectrum is seen to be crossed alternately by bright and dark bands, and if high resolving powers are used, these interference effects may be observed, although the difference of path of the two original beams is considerable.This well-known fact has always been taken to prove that the vibrations of the white light are to a certain extent " regular," and efforts have been made to find by experiment the limits of that regularity.The futility of these efforts has been completely demonstrated by Gouy and Rayleigh, who have proved that the bright and dark bands alluded to would appear with sufficient resolving power, even if light consisted of perfectly irregularly distributed instantaneous impulses.These investigations would seem, therefore, to lead to the conclusion that a source of light is completely defined by the distribution of energy in the * Oommun~cated by the Author.
".OUY ?and RA'ZLEIGr : have recently] discussed 9t the question of interference phenomena observed with a source of white light, and have arrived at important results.When the two interfering beams pass through the slit of a spectroscope, the spectrum is seen to be crossed alternately by bright and dark bands, and if high resolving powers are used, these interference effects may be observed, although the difference of path of the two original beams is considerable.This well-known fact has always been taken to prove that the vibrations of the white light are to a certain extent " regular," and efforts have been made to find by experiment the limits of that regularity.The futility of these efforts has been completely demonstrated by Gouy and Rayleigh, who have proved that the bright and dark bands alluded to would appear with sufficient resolving power, even if light consisted of perfectly irregularly distributed instantaneous impulses.These investigations would seem, therefore, to lead to the conclusion that a source of light is completely defined by the distribution of energy in the * Oommuncated by the Author.
Introduction W hen there is interference of light, the width of the resulting bands, measured for example from darkness to darkness, is usually a function of the colour of the light employed. Thus, in the case of Fresnel's well-known interference-experiment, in which light reflected from two slightly inclined mirrors illuminates a screen, the width of the bands is proportional to the wave-length of the light. In order that a considerable number of bands may be visible, it is necessary that the light be highly homogeneous; otherwise it is impossible that the various band-systems can fit one another over the necessary range. If the light could be supposed to be absolutely homogeneous, there would be no limit to the number of observable bands: and, what is especially to be remarked, there would be nothing by which one band could be distinguished from another,—in particular there could be no central band recognizable. When, on the other hand, the light is white, there may be a central band at which all the maxima of brightness coincide; and this band, being white, may be called the achromatic band. But the system of bands is not usually achromatic. Thus, in Fresnel's experiment the centre of symmetry fixes the position of the central achromatic band, but the system is far from achromatic. Theoretically there is not even a single place of darkness, for there is no point where there is complete discordance [opposition] of phase for all kinds of light.
The subject of the following Memoir has been already touched on in a communication which I made to the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and which appears in the seventh volume of their Transactions, Art. IX. For the better understanding of what follows, it is desirable to state briefly the contents of that paper. Its object is to estimate the quantity of light which is received on a screen of unlimited dimensions, after passing through a certain aperture, or suffering reflection at two mirrors, as in the case of the interference experiment, so as to exhibit the appearance of bands.
Abstract Since they were born before physical achievements in question, light and matter waves, which have almost no physical properties, are abstract purely mathematical concepts rather than objects. The result of the double-slit test, a series of dark and bright streaks, was determined to be caused by interfering light waves. However, this plausible principle does not stand up to scientific scrutiny, and it is not difficult to find many flaws in the conclusion upon further study. For example, (1) the principle of generating multiple regular dark stripes cannot be found in the mathematical model. (2) In the mathematical model, the location where the dark stripe should appear most is actually the spot with the highest brightness. (3) Since the quantum property must be expressed in the process of interference, interference will not be triggered if all conditions are not met at the same time, and therefore, the principle of interference will be rejected. (4) Since the light comes from the radiation of the electron transition, it is impossible to generate a light source in a slit that may be a vacuum. (5) Interfering light waves can be subdivided into multiple parts and proliferate greatly. (6) A headless wave of light left outside the screen after the head disappears can still induce much interference. (7) There is no interference effect caused by reflected light waves. (8) The effect of polarization direction on interference is neglected, and the interference condition is incomplete. (9) In the causality test, to verify the effect of collapse, the photon that has collapsed into a particle should be tested again with a double slit test. (10) Whether the phenomenon of "observation determines outcome" is tampered with by observation. (11) When the phase is shifted π or the signal is reversed, waves become negative waves capable of annihilating themselves, which is typical of antimatter. In this case, matter and antimatter are conjoined. (12) If the general law of waves is followed, not only the targeted light wave passes through the slit. (13) The original version of the double-slit test cannot be reproduced, and the test results are different from those presented by contemporary technology. (14) Waves must obey Fourier's principle, but light waves, quantum waves and matter waves do not. (15) The modulation effect that waves must produce is not present in optical fiber communication. (16) If the light from different slits must interfere with each other, a mask full of slits will cause the lithographer to fail. (17) Since the size is much smaller than the wavelength, the photon is only a sampling of the light wave, but the corresponding physical properties are not presented. (18) The fact that the two stars orbiting each other do not change color only proves that the phenomenon of redshift is impossible but does not support the inference that the speed of light is constant. (19) The Michelson-Morley test process is not open and transparent enough, and pinhole diffraction and mechanical processing using broken lines instead of curves cannot be ruled out. In conclusion, Newton's particle model was wrong, but neither was the light wave theory.
Abstract Since they were born before the physical achievements in question, light and matter waves, which have almost no physical properties, are abstract purely mathematical concepts rather than objects. The result of the double-slit test, a series of dark and bright streaks, was determined to be caused by interfering light waves. However, this plausible principle does not stand up to scientific scrutiny, and it is not difficult to find many flaws in the conclusion upon further study. Such as: (1) The principle of generating multiple regular dark stripes cannot be found in the mathematical model. (2) In the mathematical model, the location where the dark stripe should appear most is actually the spot with the highest brightness. (3) Since the quantum property must be expressed in the process of interference, the interference will not be triggered if all conditions are not met at the same time, and therefore the principle of interference will be rejected. (4) Since the light comes from the radiation of the electron transition, it is impossible to generate a light source in a slit that may be a vacuum. (5) Interfering light waves can be subdivided into multiple parts and proliferated greatly. (6) A headless wave of light left outside the screen after the head disappears can still induce a lot of interference. (7) There is no interference effect caused by reflected light waves. (8) The effect of polarization direction on interference is neglected and the interference condition is incomplete. (9) In the causality test, to verify the effect of collapse, the photon that has collapsed into a particle should be tested again with a double slit test. (10) Whether the phenomenon of "observation determines outcome" is tampered with by observation. (11) When the phase is shifted π or the signal is reversed, waves become negative waves capable of annihilating themselves, which is typical of antimatter. In this case, matter and antimatter are conjoined. (12) If the general law of waves is followed, not only the targeted light wave passes through the slit. (13) The original version of the double-slit test cannot be reproduced, and the test results are different from those presented by contemporary technology. (14) Waves must obey Fourier's principle, but light waves, quantum waves and matter waves do not. (15) The modulation effect that waves must produce is not present in optical fiber communication. (16) If the light from different slits must interfere with each other, a mask full of slits will cause the lithographer to fail. (17) Since the size is much smaller than the wavelength, the photon is only a sampling of the light wave, but the corresponding physical properties are not presented. (18) The fact that the two stars orbiting each other do not change color only proves that the phenomenon of redshift is impossible, but does not support the inference that the speed of light is constant. (19) The Michelson-Morley test process is not open and transparent enough, and pinhole diffraction and mechanical processing using broken lines instead of curves cannot be ruled out. In conclusion: Newton's particle model was wrong but neither was the light wave theory.
Abstract Since it was born before its physical achievements, light waves, which have almost no physical properties, are an abstract mathematical concept rather than an objective description. Beguiled by a series of dark and bright streaks, the results of the double-slit test were misjudged as interfering light waves, so this plausible principle implied disastrous flaws. For example, (1) by changing the distance between the device and the screen, the pattern is only scaled synchronously and not reconstructed, and the expected light-wave interference does not occur. (2) Interfering light waves can be subdivided into multiple parts and proliferate greatly. (3) A headless wave of light left outside the screen after the head disappears can still induce much interference. (4) There is no interference effect caused by reflected light waves. (5) The effect of polarization direction on interference is neglected, and the interference condition is incomplete. (6) In the mathematical model, the location where the dark stripe should appear most is actually the spot with the highest brightness. The principle of generating multiple regular dark stripes cannot be found in the mathematical model. (7) Since the quantum property must be expressed in the process of interference, interference will not be triggered if all conditions are not met at the same time, and therefore, the principle of interference will be rejected. (8) Since light comes only from the radiation of the electron transition, it is impossible to generate a light source in a slit that may be a vacuum. (9) In the causality test, to verify the effect of collapse, the photon that has collapsed into a particle should be tested again with a double slit test. (10) Whether the phenomenon of "observed tampering results" obtained by observation has been tampered with. (11) When the phase is shifted π or the signal is reversed, waves become negative waves capable of annihilating themselves, which is typical of antimatter. In this case, matter and antimatter are conjoined. (12) If the general law of waves is followed, not only the targeted light wave passes through the slit. (13) The original version of the double-slit test cannot be reproduced, and the test results are different from those presented by contemporary technology. (14) Waves must obey Fourier's principle, but light waves, quantum waves and matter waves do not. (15) The modulation effect that waves must produce is not present in optical fiber communication. (16) If the light from different slits must interfere with each other, a mask full of slits will cause the lithographer to fail. (17) Since the size is much smaller than the wavelength, the photon is only a sampling of the light wave, but the corresponding physical properties are not presented. (18) The fact that the two stars orbiting each other do not change color only proves that the phenomenon of redshift is impossible but does not support the inference that the speed of light is constant. (19) The Michelson-Morley test process is not open and transparent enough, and pinhole diffraction and mechanical processing using broken lines instead of curves cannot be ruled out. (20) Kepler's law can block Hubble's law and its derivatives, dark matter and dark energy. In conclusion, Newton's particle model was wrong, but neither was the light wave theory.