Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physical Review A

Quantum beating in Rb at 18.3THz (608cm−1) detected by parametric six-wave mixing and sum-frequency generation in LiIO3

Changjun Zhu, Y. Xiao, Andrey A. Senin, Ju Gao, James Gary Eden, T. Varzhapetyan, David G. Sarkisyan

Published May 8, 2007• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Axially phase-matched parametric six-wave mixing (PSWM) has been observed in Rb vapor by two-photon excitation of the atom $(5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7s,5d)$ with $\ensuremath{\sim}150\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs}$ pulses, centered at $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}769\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ and generated by a $\mathrm{Ti}:{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ laser system. For a peak laser pulse intensity of $30\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GW}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, PSWM is observed for Rb number densities $([\mathrm{Rb}])>2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ whereas, for $[\mathrm{Rb}]=2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, the PSWM process is detectable for pump intensities above $\ensuremath{\sim}3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GW}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. Upconversion of the $1.367\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{m}$ and $1.323\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{m}$ signal waves into the visible $(\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}494\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ has been accomplished by sum frequency generation in ${\mathrm{LiIO}}_{3}$, and quantum beating in Rb at $18.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{THz}$ $(\ensuremath{\sim}608\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ has been observed by monitoring the upconverted signal wave intensity produced in pump-probe experiments. These results broaden the scope of the wave packet detection scheme reported by Tran et al. [Opt. Lett. 23, 70 (1998)] in that a variety of coherent nonlinear optical processes $({\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)},{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(5)},\dots{})$ appear to be suitable for observing the amplitude and phase of atomic (or molecular) wave packets.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.75.053405

Related papers

Parametric Six-Wave Mixing and Quantum Beatings in Rb

Junfang He

Axially phase-matched parametric six-wave mixing was achieved in Rb and the parametric six-wave mixing signals in the infrared range were detected.Tunable signals in the visible range were produced by sum-frequency mixing of the pump laser and the parametric six-wave mixing signals in the infrared range.And,quantum beating at a frequency of 608 cm-1 was observed from the sum-frequency signal,indicating that the coherent properties of atoms and molecules can be studied by means of quantum beating recovered from parametric six-wave mixing signals.

ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA•Jan 1, 2009•0 citations

Observation of Quantum Beating from Two Coupled Parametric Six-Wave Mixing Signals in Rb

Zhu Chang-jun, Junfang He, Zhai Xue-jun +1 more

Two processes of coupled difference-frequency axially phase-matched parametric six-wave mixing are carried out in Rb vapour by two-photon excitation using fs laser pulses, and parametric six-wave mixing signals in the infrared and near infrared regime are detected. The infrared parametric six-wave mixing signals are up-converted into the visible spectral range by sum-frequency mixing with the pump laser in a LHO 3 crystal. Moreover, quantum beating at 608 cm -1 , corresponding to the 7 s – 5d energy difference in Rb, is observed from the sum-frequency signal at 495 nm. As a result, we obtain modulated light signals in the visible, near infrared and infrared spectral ranges, and study the interference between 7s and 5d states of Rb.

Chinese Physics Letters•Sep 1, 2008•4 citations

Parametric Six-Wave Mixing and Quantum Beating at 608 cm-1in Rb

Changjun Zhu, Andrey A. Senin, James Gary Eden

Parametric six-wave mixing is achieved in Rb and quantum beating at 608 cm-1is investigated at different Rb number densities by observing coherent radiation at 495 nm produced by summing the pump and the signal

Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference•Dec 10, 2005•0 citations

Observation of quantum beating at 18.2 THz in Rb by parametric six-wave mixing

Changjun Zhu, Andrey A. Senin, Ju Gao +1 more

Parametric six-wave mixing is observed in Rb and the modulation of 1365 nm signal at 18.2 THz is detected by observing the coherent radiation at 492 nm produced by summing the pump and the signal.

IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting (LEOS)•Dec 23, 2004•0 citations

Competition between quantum beatings at 608 cm-1 and 70 cm-1 in Rb observed by Parametric Four-Wave Mixing

Changjun Zhu, Zhongling Lu, Andrey A. Senin +4 more

The competition between quantum beatings at 608 cm−1 and 70 cm−1 in Rb is detected and controlled by using Parametric Four-Wave Mixing. The Rb number density, laser intensity and the laser polarization control the competition.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Jan 1, 2004•0 citations

Polarization of signal wave radiation generated by parametric four-wave mixing in rubidium vapor: Ultrafast (∼150−fs) and nanosecond time scale excitation

Chang Jun Zhu, Andrey A. Senin, Zhongling Lu +3 more

The polarization characteristics of the signal wave produced in Rb vapor by difference-frequency, parametric four-wave mixing (FWM) has been investigated for either ultrafast $(\ensuremath{\sim}150\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs})$ or nanosecond time-scale excitation of the $5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5d$, $7s$ two photon transitions. The electronic configurations of the $5d\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{2}D_{5∕2}$ and $7s\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{2}S_{1∕2}$ states of Rb, as well as their energy separation $(\ensuremath{\sim}608\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$, offers the opportunity to examine separately the resonantly enhanced $5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7s$, $5d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5s$ FWM pathways on the nanosecond time scale and then to drive both channels simultaneously with an ultrafast pulse of sufficient spectral width. As expected, dye laser $(\ensuremath{\sim}10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ns})$ excitation of the $5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5d$ $(J=5∕2)$ transition produces a signal wave $({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{s}\ensuremath{\sim}420\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ having the same ellipticity as the driving optical field. Two photon excitation of Rb $(7s)$ on the same time scale, however, generates an elliptically polarized signal when the pump is linearly polarized $(\ensuremath{\epsilon}=1)$, a result attributed to $7s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6p$, $5p$ amplified spontaneous emission at $\ensuremath{\sim}4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}741\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, respectively. Simultaneous excitation of the $5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7s$, $5d$ transitions with $\ensuremath{\sim}150\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs}$ pulses centered at $\ensuremath{\sim}770\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ yields polarization characteristics that can be approximated as a superposition of those for the individual transitions, thus displaying weak coupling between the two FWM channels. Also, the influence of molecular contributions to the FWM signal is observed for Rb number densities above $\ensuremath{\sim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.

Physical Review A•Aug 10, 2005•24 citations
Axially phase-matched parametric six-wave mixing (PSWM) has been observed in Rb vapor by two-photon excitation of the atom (5s\ensuremath→\ensuremath→7s,5d)(5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7s,5d)(5s\ensuremath→\ensuremath→7s,5d) with \ensuremath∼150fs\ensuremath{\sim}150\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs}\ensuremath∼150fs pulses, centered at \ensuremathλ\ensuremath∼769nm\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}769\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}\ensuremathλ\ensuremath∼769nm and generated by a Ti:Al2O3\mathrm{Ti}:{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}Ti:Al2​O3​ laser system. For a peak laser pulse intensity of 30GWcm\ensuremath−230\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GW}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}30GWcm\ensuremath−2, PSWM is observed for Rb number densities ([Rb])>2.5\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi1015cm\ensuremath−3([\mathrm{Rb}])>2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}([Rb])>2.5\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi1015cm\ensuremath−3 whereas, for [Rb]=2.2\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi1016cm\ensuremath−3[\mathrm{Rb}]=2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}[Rb]=2.2\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi1016cm\ensuremath−3, the PSWM process is detectable for pump intensities above \ensuremath∼3GWcm\ensuremath−2\ensuremath{\sim}3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GW}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ensuremath∼3GWcm\ensuremath−2. Upconversion of the 1.367\ensuremathμm1.367\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{m}1.367\ensuremathμm and 1.323\ensuremathμm1.323\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{m}1.323\ensuremathμm signal waves into the visible (\ensuremathλ\ensuremath∼494nm)(\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}494\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})(\ensuremathλ\ensuremath∼494nm) has been accomplished by sum frequency generation in LiIO3{\mathrm{LiIO}}_{3}LiIO3​, and quantum beating in Rb at 18.3THz18.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{THz}18.3THz (\ensuremath∼608cm\ensuremath−1)(\ensuremath{\sim}608\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})(\ensuremath∼608cm\ensuremath−1) has been observed by monitoring the upconverted signal wave intensity produced in pump-probe experiments. These results broaden the scope of the wave packet detection scheme reported by Tran et al. [Opt. Lett. 23, 70 (1998)] in that a variety of coherent nonlinear optical processes (\ensuremathχ(3),\ensuremathχ(5),…)({\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)},{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(5)},\dots{})(\ensuremathχ(3),\ensuremathχ(5),…) appear to be suitable for observing the amplitude and phase of atomic (or molecular) wave packets.
Axially phase-matched parametric six-wave mixing was achieved in Rb and the parametric six-wave mixing signals in the infrared range were detected.Tunable signals in the visible range were produced by sum-frequency mixing of the pump laser and the parametric six-wave mixing signals in the infrared range.And,quantum beating at a frequency of 608 cm-1 was observed from the sum-frequency signal,indicating that the coherent properties of atoms and molecules can be studied by means of quantum beating recovered from parametric six-wave mixing signals.
Two processes of coupled difference-frequency axially phase-matched parametric six-wave mixing are carried out in Rb vapour by two-photon excitation using fs laser pulses, and parametric six-wave mixing signals in the infrared and near infrared regime are detected. The infrared parametric six-wave mixing signals are up-converted into the visible spectral range by sum-frequency mixing with the pump laser in a LHO 3 crystal. Moreover, quantum beating at 608 cm -1 , corresponding to the 7 s – 5d energy difference in Rb, is observed from the sum-frequency signal at 495 nm. As a result, we obtain modulated light signals in the visible, near infrared and infrared spectral ranges, and study the interference between 7s and 5d states of Rb.
The polarization characteristics of the signal wave produced in Rb vapor by difference-frequency, parametric four-wave mixing (FWM) has been investigated for either ultrafast $(\ensuremath{\sim}150\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs})$ or nanosecond time-scale excitation of the $5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5d$, 7s7s7s two photon transitions. The electronic configurations of the 5d2D5∕25d\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{2}D_{5∕2}5d2D5∕2​ and 7s2S1∕27s\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{2}S_{1∕2}7s2S1∕2​ states of Rb, as well as their energy separation $(\ensuremath{\sim}608\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$, offers the opportunity to examine separately the resonantly enhanced $5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7s$, $5d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5s$ FWM pathways on the nanosecond time scale and then to drive both channels simultaneously with an ultrafast pulse of sufficient spectral width. As expected, dye laser $(\ensuremath{\sim}10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ns})$ excitation of the $5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5d$ (J=5∕2)(J=5∕2)(J=5∕2) transition produces a signal wave $({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{s}\ensuremath{\sim}420\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ having the same ellipticity as the driving optical field. Two photon excitation of Rb (7s)(7s)(7s) on the same time scale, however, generates an elliptically polarized signal when the pump is linearly polarized $(\ensuremath{\epsilon}=1)$, a result attributed to $7s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6p$, 5p5p5p amplified spontaneous emission at $\ensuremath{\sim}4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}741\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, respectively. Simultaneous excitation of the $5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7s$, 5d5d5d transitions with $\ensuremath{\sim}150\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs}$ pulses centered at $\ensuremath{\sim}770\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ yields polarization characteristics that can be approximated as a superposition of those for the individual transitions, thus displaying weak coupling between the two FWM channels. Also, the influence of molecular contributions to the FWM signal is observed for Rb number densities above $\ensuremath{\sim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.