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Frontiers in Optics

Phase Slips and Weak Links: Experiments with Superfluid Atom Circuits

Gretchen K. Campbell

Published Jan 1, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In recent experiments with a ring-shaped Bose Einstein condensate, we have directly measured resistive flow across a weak link. In addition, we have also developed a new technique to directly measure the current-phase relationship of weak links.
DOI
10.1364/ls.2014.ltu1h.3

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•Aug 1, 1975•0 citations
We report the direct observation of resistive flow through a weak link in a weakly interacting atomic Bose-Einstein condensate. Two weak links separate our ring-shaped superfluid atomtronic circuit into two distinct regions, a source and a drain. Motion of these weak links allows for creation of controlled flow between the source and the drain. At a critical value of the weak link velocity, we observe a transition from superfluid flow to superfluid plus resistive flow. Working in the hydrodynamic limit, we observe a conductivity that is 4 orders of magnitude larger than previously reported conductivities for a Bose-Einstein condensate with a tunnel junction. Good agreement with zero-temperature Gross-Pitaevskii simulations and a phenomenological model based on phase slips indicate that the creation of excitations plays an important role in the resulting conductivity. Our measurements of resistive flow elucidate the microscopic origin of the dissipation and pave the way for more complex atomtronic devices.
We have observed well-defined phase slips between quantized persistent current states around a toroidal atomic (23Na) Bose-Einstein condensate. These phase slips are induced by a weak link (a localized region of reduced superfluid density) rotated slowly around the ring. This is analogous to the behavior of a superconducting loop with a weak link in the presence of an external magnetic field. When the weak link is rotated more rapidly, well-defined phase slips no longer occur, and vortices enter into the bulk of the condensate. A noteworthy feature of this system is the ability to dynamically vary the current-phase relation of the weak link, a feature which is difficult to implement in superconducting or superfluid helium circuits.
While recent theoretical and experimental evidence have indicated that many commonly used superconducting weak links might have distinctly nonsinusoiual current-phase relations, precise measurement of these relations has been difficult to realize. Now a high resolution technique has been developed for the measurement of current-phase relations of weak links. This technique was used to determine the current-phase relations of various weak link structures including point contacts, thin film microbridges and proximity effect bridges. (GRA)