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Optical Fiber Communication Conference

Stress fluctuations and optical coherence of erbium in doped fibers

Mark G. Sceats, S.C. Guy, Robert A. Minasian, S.B. Poole

Published Jan 1, 1992• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The optical coherence of erbium ion transitions in optical fibers may provide a basis for time-domain optical memory.’ The homogeneous lifetime at cryogenic temperatures is sufficiently long in erbium- doped silicate fibers that these effects can be observed in photon-echo experiments.1 The coherence at low temperatures is determined by defect conformational relaxation,2 and should depend strongly on the host matrix and the fabrication conditions, where the defect density can be controlled by the oxidation conditions and the stress.

DOI
10.1364/ofc.1992.tul1

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The optical coherence of erbium ion transitions in optical fibers may provide a basis for time-domain optical memory.’ The homogeneous lifetime at cryogenic temperatures is sufficiently long in erbium- doped silicate fibers that these effects can be observed in photon-echo experiments.1 The coherence at low temperatures is determined by defect conformational relaxation,2 and should depend strongly on the host matrix and the fabrication conditions, where the defect density can be controlled by the oxidation conditions and the stress.
Understanding decoherence in cryogenically cooled rare-earth-ion doped glass fibers is of fundamental interest and a prerequisite for applications of these material in quantum information applications. Here we study the coherence properties in a weakly doped erbium silica glass fiber motivated by our recent observation of efficient and long-lived Zeeman sublevel storage in this material and by its potential for applications at telecommunication wavelengths. We analyze photon echo decays as well as the potential mechanisms of spectral diffusion that can be caused by coupling with dynamic disorder modes that are characteristic for glassy hosts, and by the magnetic dipole-dipole interactions between Er3+{\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}Er3+ ions. We also investigate the effective linewidth as a function of magnetic field, temperature, and time, and then present a model that describes these experimental observations. We highlight that the operating conditions (0.6 K and 0.05 T) at which we previously observed efficient spectral hole burning coincide with those for narrow linewidths (1 MHz)---an important property for applications that has not been reported before for a rare-earth-ion doped glass.
Rare-earth-ion doped materials are studied for a quantum information protocol, controlled reversible inhomogeneous broadening, for storing single photons. Coherence properties of Er-doped silicate optical fibers and Er-doped LiNbO3 waveguiding structures are investigated. Spectral hole burning spectroscopy is performed in Erbium and Neodymium doped crystals and spectral tailoring is demonstrated in Nd³?:YVO4. The preservation of information encoded into the relative phase and amplitudes of optical pulses during storage and retrieval in an optical memory based on stimulated photon echo is demonstrated. Furthermore photon echoes stored in spatially separated optical memories in several temporal modes, are retrieved and then combined at a beam splitter. They show almost perfect interference demonstrating both phase preserving storage and indistinguishability of photon echoes. Finally, we report an interference experiment of spontaneous emission of light from two distant solid-state ensembles of atoms and the resulting high fringe visibility implies that the observed spontaneous emission is coherent.
Rare-earth ions in solid-state hosts exhibit low homogeneous broadening and long spin coherence at cryogenic temperatures thus making them a promising candidate for optical quantum memories [1], optical-microwave transducers [2] and single dopant-based devices such as single photon emitters operating at the telecommunication wavelengths [3]. Here, we present an overview of the spin and optical properties of Er ensembles in Si accessed via resonant photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy [4]. Samples were positioned directly on top of tailor-fabricated superconducting single photon detectors, placed in a dilution refrigerator unit and resonantly excited using fiber optics. Our method provided high collection efficiency and allowed spectral measurements of low Er density samples. The observed Er PLE spectra were strongly affected by the presence of co-dopants such as O, B or P reflecting their influence on the formation of optically active Er sites and corresponding Er optical transition energies. Higher O densities resulted in especially rich PLE spectra suggesting that a variety of Er-O complexes formed due to O doping. Lowering the O concentration, we achieved PLE spectra dominated by a single Er site in P doped samples. Interestingly, the Er spin relaxation and optical coherence properties were barely affected by the employed co-dopants and mainly depended on the Er concentration. By lowering the Er concentration from relatively high (1018cm-3) to low densities (1016cm-3), we were able to increase Er spin lifetimes from ~0.1 s to ~30 s. Long spin relaxation times allowed us to identify PLE spectra of new Er sites in Si. In both concentration regimes, we observed sub-MHz transient spectral holes suggesting long optical coherence times. Furthermore, we observed sub-MHz spin transitions in both natural and isotopically purified Si and achieved spin coherence times above 1 ms in isotopically purified Si. Narrow optical linewidths and long transverse and longitudinal spin relaxation times show that Er in Si is an excellent candidate for future quantum information and communication applications.
Accumulated photon echo experiments in erbium-doped optical fibers are reviewed. The experiments demonstrate the advantage of the single-mode optical fibers for investigations of resonant coherent effects. A theoretical analysis of the accumulated echo process which is particularly suitable for the highly saturated, highly absorptive experiments in fibers is presented. The capability of ultrafast time-domain signal processing in the doped fibers is shown. The inhomogeneous width of the 1.53- mu m transition investigated can support pulses at short as 0.5 ps. With an estimated approximately 1-ns homogeneous dephasing time, the fibers can handle (store or process) about 1000 b at rates of 1 Tb/s.>
We measured the optical decoherence times T2, or, equivalently, the homogeneous line width, in an Er-doped optical fiber at low temperature as a function of external magnetic field and temperature using two-pulse photon echoes. The decoherence times were up to 230 ns at fields above 3 T. The magnitude of the line narrowing induced by a magnetic field of 3 T is 2.5 MHz, which is anomalously large compared to that typical for oxide crystals with similar Er3+ concentration. This is interpreted as evidence for dephasing by coupled spin-elastic tunneling modes where the normal glass tunneling modes acquire a magnetic character by coupling to the Er3+ spin.