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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences

Time-resolved diffraction and interference: Young's interference with photons of different energy as revealed by time resolution

N. Garcı́a, Igor Saveliev, M. Sharonov

Published May 15, 2002• 13 citations

Abstract

We present time-resolved diffraction and two-slit interference experiments using a streak camera as a detector for femtosecond pulses of photons. These experiments show how the diffraction pattern is built by adding frames of a few photons to each frame. It is estimated that after 300 photons the diffraction pattern emerges. With time resolution we can check the speed of light and put an upper limit of 2 ps at our resolution to the time for wave function collapse in the quantum measurement process. We then produce interference experiments with photons of different energies impinging on the slits, i.e. we know which photon impinges on each slit. We show that for poor time resolution, no interference is observed, but for high time resolution, we have interference that is revealed as beats of 100 GHz frequency. The condition for interference is that the two pulses should overlap spatially at the detector, even if the pulses have different energies but are generated from the same pulse of the laser. The interference seems to be in agreement with classical theory at first sight. However, closer study and analysis of the data show deviations in the visibility of the interference fringes and of their phase. These experiments are discussed in connection with quantum mechanics and it may be concluded that the time resolution provides new data for understanding the longstanding and continuing arguments on wave-particle duality initiated by Newton, Young, Fresnel, Planck and others. A thought experiment is presented in the appendix to try to distinguish the photons at the detector by making it sensitive to colour.

DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2001.0980

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Time-resolved Young

rquot

s interference and decoherence

We present a two-slit time-resolved Young's interference experiment. We use a streak camera, with 2 ps resolution, to measure the arrival time as well as the location of the photons into the detector from an infrared femtosecond pulsed laser. The interfering photons can have the same or different energies as selected from a monochromator. We show that the interference fringes tilt in x – t space and disappear as the difference in energy and the resolution time set in the streak camera increase. The results show deviations from classical interference formulae and a possible interpretation in terms of decoherence may be adequate.

We report an experiment of observation of classical double-slit interference fringes of two-photon interference. In the experiment, a commercial continuous-wave multi-mode F-P laser diode without either mode-locked or frequency-locked is used as the light source, the density of photons is far more than the single-photon level, and the path difference of the long and short paths is far more than the longitudinal coherence length of the laser diode. The temporal stable and clearly visible spatial-distributed pattern, i.e. first-order interference fringes, was observed .Contradict to the prediction of single-photon interference mechanism, the interference happened far beyond the coherence length, the occurrence possibility and time duration of the interference fringes decrease with the reduction of mode number of the LD, and the time difference between the fringes disappearance and the light vanish is equal to the time difference of the two paths. After discussion, we came to the conclusion that the observed phenomena can be understood in time-resolved two-photon interference mechanism. We reveal a new method to perform two-photon first-order interference, and this help to understand the nature of two-photon interference and also can be useful for quantum information science.

The double-slit experiment strikingly demonstrates the wave-particle duality of quantum objects. In this famous experiment, particles pass one-by-one through a pair of slits and are detected on a distant screen. A distinct wave-like pattern emerges after many discrete particle impacts as if each particle is passing through both slits and interfering with itself. Here we present a temporally- and spatially-resolved measurement of the double-slit interference pattern using single photons. We send single photons through a birefringent double-slit apparatus and use a linear array of single-photon detectors to observe the developing interference pattern. The analysis of the buildup allows us to compare quantum mechanics and the corpuscular model, which aims to explain the mystery of single-particle interference. Finally, we send one photon from an entangled pair through our double-slit setup and show the dependence of the resulting interference pattern on the twin photon's measured state. Our results provide new insight into the dynamics of the buildup process in the double-slit experiment, and can be used as a valuable resource in quantum information applications.

Full text: We present two experiments on single- and two-particle interference. In the single-photon interference experiment, photons from a spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) source are send through a double slit. An interference pattern is built up frame by frame from shots obtained with an EMCCD camera behind the slit. Each frame contains on average less than one photon, thus demonstrating true single-photon sensitivity of the camera. The build-up of the interference pattern nicely demonstrates the concept of wave-particle duality. In a next step, we describe the Heisenberg's lens experiment and present the conditions required to analyse and investigate the spatial correlations of momentum entangled photons produced by SPDC. The occurrence of double-slit interference now depends on the experimental arrangement for the second photon of the pair, for example: interference can only occur if the second photon is also passing a double slit. We present an analysis of such a double-double-slit experiment. (author)

Summary form only given. The essence of wave-particle duality is that particles passing through slits form a pattern that can only be explained by resorting to wave mechanics. Here we present results that provide insight into the buildup of the multiple-slit interference pattern. The perfect time resolved measurements would ideally involve a single-particle source and an array of single-particle noiseless detectors featuring perfect quantum efficiency and time resolution. In previous experiments for electrons [1], photons [2] and molecules [3], detection of single particles was limited by minimum acquisition times, thus denying access to precise timing information. We make a significant step forward, approaching the perfect measurement very closely and showing real-time interference pattern buildup of single-photon detections as a result of passing through a system of multiple slits. These measurements accessed precise timing information, allowing us to analyse the interference pattern's formation process and effects of entanglement.