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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics

Public classical communication in quantum cryptography: Error correction, integrity, and authentication

A. V. Timofeev, D. I. Pomozov, A. P. Makkaveev, S. N. Molotkov

Published May 1, 2007• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum cryptography systems combine two communication channels: a quantum and a classical one. (They can be physically implemented in the same fiber-optic link, which is employed as a quantum channel when one-photon states are transmitted and as a classical one when it carries classical data traffic.) Both channels are supposed to be insecure and accessible to an eavesdropper. Error correction in raw keys, interferometer balancing, and other procedures are performed by using the public classical channel. A discussion of the requirements to be met by the classical channel is presented.

DOI
10.1134/s1063776107050019

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Quantum cryptography systems combine two communication channels: a quantum and a classical one. (They can be physically implemented in the same fiber-optic link, which is employed as a quantum channel when one-photon states are transmitted and as a classical one when it carries classical data traffic.) Both channels are supposed to be insecure and accessible to an eavesdropper. Error correction in raw keys, interferometer balancing, and other procedures are performed by using the public classical channel. A discussion of the requirements to be met by the classical channel is presented.
Quantum cryptography lies at the intersection of information theory and quantum mechanics. Cryptosystems come in two major classes depending on whether the key is shared in public or in secret. Public key cryptosystems are special in that they allow two people, who have not yet met, to communicate securely by looking-up encryption methods in a public directory. In quantum cryptography, the sender and receiver have two types of communication channels: a classical public channel and a quantum channel. The best application of cryptography is to allow a secure communication. In the near future, quantum cryptography may be used in top-secret applications in the military, for example, as the basis of communication links. The first protocol for quantum cryptography was proposed in 1984 by C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard. Some of the basic quantum cryptographic systems are: four-states protocol, two-states protocol, 4+2 protocol and multi-photon and multi-stage protocol.
Quantum cryptography provides secret communication, which offers various security factors like confidentiality, integrity, and authentication assurance based on the law of physics. The law of physics states that quantum computing can also be applied into the communication sector, which is particularly in the field of cryptography. Then quantum can significantly distribute the data securely by applying quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum key sharing, etc. In the classical cryptography, it is difficult to compute secret keys using security concepts like key exchange and authentication, etc., and it fails to provide adequate protection during data communication as it needs some effective computation in terms of security. The lack of security in the data communication can be overcome by using the concept of quantum computing. Generally, in quantum computing, elementary quantum systems like polarized photons are used to transmit digital information based on the principle of uncertainty as it gives rise to a significant phenomenon of effective security in terms of communication compared to existing concepts related to cryptography. In quantum computing, the detection ratio for identifying the data which are sent through a communication channel is more difficult as it uses qubits and photons to represent the data that are sent. Quantum channels are used to distribute the information between two users as it passes through the unprotected classical channels as it is unknown to anyone else. Assuming that Alice and Bob use a latent noise channel to send a key, reconciliation is the process of correcting errors between Alice and Bob’s version of the key. This is done by public discussion, which leaks some information about the secret key to an undercover. This chapter gives a discussion on QKD concepts as it helps to provide a secure communication, where the information is broadcasting through a quantum channel. Finally, the various existing quantum protocols are described in relation to some security measures based on QKD, and the standard QKD protocol of BB84 is discussed.
Users of communication channels wish to have their transactions secured. Therefore, it is necessary to develop techniques which can ensure that eavesdroppers cannot intercept the messages transmitted. The technology concerned with the secure communication of data is termed as cryptography [1-3]. It is the art of hiding information in the form of a string of bits to an unauthorized party. To achieve this goal, in a classical cryptography system the message bits are combined with random bits of equal length called a key. The combined data is known as cryptogram. This technique is called encryption. A key can be public or private. The public key is to encode plaintext, while the private key is for decoding the previously encoded plaintext or cryptogram. The cryptogram is generally sent through the communication channel. Because of the randomness of the key the encoded message is completely random. Consequently, the message is untraceable to an eavesdropper. The safety of the transmission completely depends on the safety of the key. Therefore, the key should be kept secret by the users.
Quantum cryptography is a method for accessing data with the cryptosystem more efficiently. The network security and the cryptography are the two major properties in securing the data in the communication network. The quantum cryptography uses the single photon passing through the polarization of a photon. In Quantum Cryptography, it's impossible for the eavesdropper to copy or modify the encrypted messages in the quantum states in which we are sending through the optical fiber channels. Cryptography performed by using the protocols BB84 and B92 protocols. The two basic algorithms of quantum cryptography are Shor’s algorithm and the Grover’s’s algorithm. For finding the number of integer factorization of each photon, Shor’s algorithm is used. Grover’s’s algorithm used for searching the unsorted data. Shor’s algorithm overcomes RSA algorithm by high security. By the implementation of quantum cryptography, we are securing the information from the eavesdropper and thereby preventing data in the communication channel.