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Applied Optics

Optical hybrid bistability related to feedback configurations: an analysis

Gabriel Borges Delfino

Published Dec 1, 1982• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

A possible new way to drive hybrid optical devices based on a differential two-channel feedback configuration is presented. To verify the feasibility and characteristics of this approach, comparisons between two-channel and single-channel arrangements are reported. Several analogies and differences in operating conditions are also proved. From the point of view of application possibilities, the optical image obtained of an optical pulse exhibits time-discrimination characteristics, whereas in the single-channel case it shows discriminated intensity levels. This fact can be profitably used in parallel image processing systems.

DOI
10.1364/ao.21.004377

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A possible new way to drive hybrid optical devices based on a differential two-channel feedback configuration is presented. To verify the feasibility and characteristics of this approach, comparisons between two-channel and single-channel arrangements are reported. Several analogies and differences in operating conditions are also proved. From the point of view of application possibilities, the optical image obtained of an optical pulse exhibits time-discrimination characteristics, whereas in the single-channel case it shows discriminated intensity levels. This fact can be profitably used in parallel image processing systems.
This paper presents a review of the various applications of feedback in optical systems. There are two general areas, optical image processing and bistability. In optical image processing both coherent (optical spatial feedback network internal to an optical resonator) and hybrid (TV) systems are discussed. In the area of bistability there are molecular systems (atoms in an optical resonator), both absorptive and dispersive; hybrid (employing electronic feedback) single-beam and many-element (TV and spatial light modulator-based) systems. All the systems are discussed. A detailed model showing the many facets of molecular bistability is presented along with a discussion of catastrophe theory applied to optical bistability.
In the linear instability analysis of the difference-differential equation which describes the dynamic behaviors of optical bistability with delayed feedback, introducing degree of stability S, which is defined as the ratio between relative variations of input and output intensities(1), we find that for long delay time instability condition is S≥2 and possible oscillation periods are approximately T ¯ = 2 T / ( 2 n + 1 ) but for short delay time the condition is S≥1 + πτ/2T and the periods are T ¯ = 4 T / ( 4 n + 1 ) . So the generation of instability for long delay time is easier than for short one, as shown in Fig.1.
The nonlinear optical properties of many materials and devices have been the main object of research as potential candidates for sensing in different places. Just one of these properties has been, in most of the cases, the basis for the sensing operation. As a consequence, just one parameter can be detected. In this paper, although just one property will be employed too, we will show the possibility to sense different parameters with just one type of sensor. The way adopted in this work is the use of the optical bistability obtained from different photonic structures. Because this optical bistability has a strong dependence on many different parameters the possibility to sense different inputs appears. In our case, we will report the use of some non-linear optical devices, mainly Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers, as sensing elements. Because their outputs depend on many parameters, as the incident light wavelength, polarization, intensity and direction, applied voltage and feedback characteristics, they can be employed to detect, at the same time, different type of signals. This is because the way these different signals affect to the sensor response is very different too and appears under a different set of characteristics.
When the output parameter of an optical device could be a multivalued function of the input parameter, this device can be working in an optical bistable status. The most typical optical bistable device is a Fabry–Perot cavity containing a nonlinear optical medium, the refractive index of which depends on the light intensity. Upon the action of an intense input optical beam, the transmitted (or reflected) intensity of this device may exhibit a nonlinear response to the incident light intensity variation and, especially under appropriate working conditions, the characteristic output/input curve may manifest a single (or multiple) hysteresis loop(s). Such type of optical bistable device can be used as an optical differential amplifier, optical switch, optical limiter, optical clipper, optical discriminator, or an optical memory element, depending on the chosen nonlinear medium and operation conditions.
In the last chapter, we examined the effect of cubic nonlinearity on selfrefraction of an optical beam. We have also seen that the presence of a quadratic nonlinearity can also contribute to change in the profile of a Gaussian beam in a crystal. In this chapter we will see how the effect of nonlinearity, alongwith the proper feedback, can give rise to optical bistability and hysteresis. This is not unexpected as hysteresis and bistability are also observed in nonlinear electronic circuits with feedback, such as in the Schmitt trigger, as well as in hybrid optical devices, such as an acoustooptic device with feedback (Banerjee and Poon, 1991). In what follows, we will examine two different types of optically bistable devices based on optical nonlinearities. The first is a nonlinear ring resonator comprising a two-level gain medium as the nonlinear element. We will treat both absorptive and dispersive bistability. Absorptive bistability is the case when the incident optical frequency is close to or equal to the transition frequency of the atoms from one level to another. In this case, the absorption coefficient becomes a nonlinear function of the incident intensity. On the other hand, if the frequencies are far apart, the medium behaves like a Kerr-type material and the system exhibits what is called dispersive bistability. In this case the material can be modeled by an effective n2 or v (3), meaning that the refractive index becomes a nonlinear function of the optical intensity. The second configurationwewill examine is a linear-nonlinear interface. In this case, the interface provides the feedback due to refractive index mismatch. In fact, the reflection coefficient (as well as the transmission coefficient) is modified due to the nonlinearity, which, as we shall see later, is responsible for demonstrating optical switching and bistability.