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Optics Communications

Intrinsic optical bistability in a thin layer of nonlinear optical material by means of local field effects

Youngkwon Yoon, Ryan S. Bennink, Robert W. Boyd, John E. Sipe

Published May 1, 2000• 25 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We show that a single thin layer (thickness much less than an optical wavelength) of nonlinear optical material can display optical bistability solely as a consequence of local field effects. Optical bistability is predicted when the phase of the complex third-order susceptibility χ(3) is nearly opposite that of the linear dielectric constant ϵ and when the incident field amplitude is adjusted so that |χ(3)||E0|2 is approximately equal to 10−3|ϵ|3.

DOI
10.1016/s0030-4018(99)00739-7

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We show that a single thin layer (thickness much less than an optical wavelength) of nonlinear optical material can display optical bistability solely as a consequence of local field effects. Optical bistability is predicted when the phase of the complex third-order susceptibility χ(3) is nearly opposite that of the linear dielectric constant ϵ and when the incident field amplitude is adjusted so that |χ(3)||E0|2 is approximately equal to 10−3|ϵ|3.
In this study, we investigate the optical bistability and multistability in a pure single Kerr nonlinear layer of dielectric material using the Maxwell-Duffing approach. We employ the Duffing anharmonic oscillator as an alternative constitutive relation to express the electric field as a nonlinear function of the induced polarization. Utilizing both the electromagnetic wave equation and the Duffing constitutive relation, we obtain a nonlinear polarization equation propagates through the nonlinear layer under the slowly varying envelope approximation. With the application of boundary conditions at both interfaces, expressions for the incident, reflected, and transmitted intensities of the light wave are obtained as nonlinear functions of the polarization and other controlling parameters. For realistic input parameters, our numerical results demonstrated the existence of an intrinsic optical bistability (IOB) in a pure single dielectric layer. Furthermore, the threshold value of the observed IOB depends essentially on the value Eth, i.e., the minimum value required to invoke the third-order nonlinearity inside the material. For operating frequency near the sharp resonance region, Eth was found to be ≈105 V/cm; this is equivalent to a threshold value of the optical intensity ≈1010 W/cm2. With the developments in THz sources, it is nowadays possible to observe this IOB experimentally by tuning the operating frequency near the sharp resonance region of the material. Steps to get the threshold value of Eth are also advised.
We propose a simple thin-layer structure based on epsilon-near-zero mode field enhancement to achieve optical bistability in the near-infrared band. The high transmittance provided by the thin-layer structure and the electric field energy limited in the ultra-thin epsilon-near-zero material means that the interaction between the input light and the epsilon-near-zero material can be greatly enhanced, creating favorable conditions for the realization of optical bistability in near-infrared band. The optical bistability hysteresis curve is closely related to the incident angle of light and the thickness of epsilon-near-zero material. This structure is relatively simple and easy to prepare, so we believe that this scheme will have a positive effect on the practicality of optical bistability devices in all-optical devices and networks.
The mean-field approximation method is proposed to investigate the intrinsic optical bistability in nonlinear composite media, which consists of nonlinear metallic granules embedded in nonlinear dielectric host. The effect of nonlinear susceptibility on the bistable behavior is analyzed. It is found that nonlinear metallic granules and nonlinear host medium have different effects and the nonlinearity of metallic granules is more effective in minimizing the threshould value of the bistable behavior. We also investigate the effect of the shape factor of metallic granules on the threshold value.
It is well known that dense materials with local-field effects can show "intrinsic" optical bistability when they are directly irradiated by a light beam. This has been shown theoretically in a number of works and also experimentally in several cases, in gas media and also in doped solid-state materials where nonlinearities based on standard local-field effects can be reinforced with other ion interaction effects. Although from the point of view of applications nonlinearities stronger than those found so far would be desirable, the fact that no optical resonator is needed to achieve bistability makes these materials potentially interesting for applications in optical information storage and processing.
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