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Angewandte Chemie International Edition

Long‐Range, High‐Resolution Magnetic Imaging of Nanoparticles

Li Yao, Shoujun Xu

Published Jun 27, 2009• 37 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Seeing is believing: The magnetic field of nanoparticles can be sensed by a group of coherent cesium atoms at a long distance. The atomic coherence is generated by a near-resonance-polarized laser beam and gives off a signal in the form of polarization rotation of the light. By scanning the magnetic nanoparticles, both the distance and the absolute magnetization of the particles can be determined precisely.

DOI
10.1002/anie.200902114

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Seeing is believing: The magnetic field of nanoparticles can be sensed by a group of coherent cesium atoms at a long distance. The atomic coherence is generated by a near-resonance-polarized laser beam and gives off a signal in the form of polarization rotation of the light. By scanning the magnetic nanoparticles, both the distance and the absolute magnetization of the particles can be determined precisely.
The nonlinear magneto-optical effect has significantly impacted modern society with prolific applications ranging from precision mapping of the Earth's magnetic field to bio-magnetic sensing. Pioneering works on collisional spin-exchange effects have led to ultra-high magnetic field detection sensitivities at the level of fT/HzfT/\sqrt{Hz}fT/Hz​ using a single linearly-polarized probe light field. Here we demonstrate a nonlinear Zeeman-coherence parametric wave-mixing optical-atomic magnetometer using room temperature rubidium vapor that results in more than a three-order-of-magnitude optical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement for extremely weak magnetic field sensing. This unprecedented enhancement was achieved with nearly a two-order-of-magnitude reduction in laser power while preserving the sensitivity of the widely-used single-probe beam optical-atomic magnetometry method. This new method opens a myriad of applications ranging from bio-magnetic imaging to precision measurement of the magnetic properties of subatomic particles.
A cascade transfer of light energy to a resonance atom situated near a spherical nanoparticle and then, by a nonradiative mechanism, to the nanoparticle itself is considered. It is established that the efficiency of the cascade transfer essentially depends on the frequency and polarization of light, on the distance between the atom and the particle, on the optical properties of the particle, and on the time conditions of radiation. The rate of light absorption by a metal nanoparticle via cascade energy transfer may be 10 4 –10 5 times higher than the direct absorption of light by a nanoparticle. For a fixed frequency of light, the cascade transfer of energy is a sharply selective function of the distance between the atom and the particle (the resonance width is about 10 −2 of the particle radius). Atomic fluorescence exhibits similar behavior. This feature can form the basis for a new method of optical scanning microscopy and location and localization of atoms near the surface of a particle.
In the present paper, ultracold cesium atoms were obtained in magnetic optical trap using the laser cooling technology. The number of ultracold atoms is 10(7). The temperature of ultracold atoms is about 200 μK and the diameter of the ultracold atoms cloud is about 400 μm. The ultracold cesium molecules of excited states were formed using the photoassociation of ultracold atoms. The resolution of vib-rotational spectrum was studied under different scan rates of photossociation laser in the experiment. The resolution of vib-rotational spectrum becomes high when the scan rate of photossociation laser becomes slow. The cold atoms fluorescence was obtained using the high sensitive avalanche photo detector and the high resolution vib-rotational spectrum of ultracold cesium molecule in its first excited state of with dissociation limit long range state was obtained. The ultracold ground molecule was formed by controlled Raman photoassociation and the photoassociation laser must be locked to atom-molecular hyperfine transitions. The ultracold atoms photoassociation spectrum was modulated using ultra-low frequency. The first-order differential signal was optimized by changing modulation amplitude and modulation frequency. It provides a feedback signal to correct error of the laser. The laser frequency satisfies experimental requirement to form ultracold ground molecules using the controlled Raman photoassociation. This work is important for studies of ultracold atoms and molecules in confined space.