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Physical Review A

Adiabatic passage in an open multilevel system

Witold Chałupczak, K. Szymaniec

Published May 27, 2005• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The preparation of a sample of ultra cold caesium atoms in an ${m}_{F}=0$ Zeeman sublevel of the $F=3$ ground state is demonstrated, using cooling in an optical lattice and adiabatic passage. 97% of the atoms finally detected in the experiment populate the ${m}_{F}=0$ sublevel at a temperature of $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nK}$. Microwave spectroscopy is used to measure the adiabatic transfer directly and its dependence on various experimental parameters. A theoretical model is provided to estimate the upper limit for the efficiency of adiabatic transfer in a multilevel system with nonresonant excitation. The results constitute significant progress towards constructing a caesium fountain frequency standard operating in the nK temperature range.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.71.053410

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The preparation of a sample of ultra cold caesium atoms in an mF=0{m}_{F}=0mF​=0 Zeeman sublevel of the F=3F=3F=3 ground state is demonstrated, using cooling in an optical lattice and adiabatic passage. 97% of the atoms finally detected in the experiment populate the mF=0{m}_{F}=0mF​=0 sublevel at a temperature of 300nK300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nK}300nK. Microwave spectroscopy is used to measure the adiabatic transfer directly and its dependence on various experimental parameters. A theoretical model is provided to estimate the upper limit for the efficiency of adiabatic transfer in a multilevel system with nonresonant excitation. The results constitute significant progress towards constructing a caesium fountain frequency standard operating in the nK temperature range.
We report progress toward a Cs-fountain frequency standard operating in the nanokelvin temperature range. We have implemented the Raman sideband cooling in a far-off-resonance optical lattice and observed subrecoil temperatures of 200 nK. We have studied the structure of the lattice and optimized the capture of atoms released from the magneto-optical trap into the lattice. In addition, the atoms, accumulated by the cooling scheme in the stretched magnetic state m/sub F/=3, have been transferred to the magnetically insensitive state m/sub F/=0 by using the adiabatic-passage technique.
Adiabatic passage with optical pulses has been used as an efficient tool for the transfer of atomic populations between Zeeman sublevels. The composition of the final state after adiabatic passage is investigated in the context of applications to atomic fountain frequency standards. Theoretical and experimental studies on the influence of the purity of the initial state on the result of the transfer are presented. Similarly, the role of the quality of polarization of the laser pulses in the process of adiabatic passage is discussed.
The spin-exchange frequency shift due to cold collisions between ground-state atoms appears to be the systematic effect which could limit the accuracy of a laser-cooled cesium fountain operating as a frequency standard. We have investigated this shift for atoms distributed among all the Zeeman substates of either the F = 4 or F = 3 hyperfine level of the 6 S 1/2 ground state of cesium and for the case where most of the atoms are prepared in F = 3, M F = 0 sublevel. The measured relative frequency shifts are respectively − 1.0·10 −21 , − 0.6·10 −21 and − 2.0·10 −21 (at/cm 3 ) −1 . These results agree with the measurements performed by Gibble and Chu at higher atom densities with atoms prepared in F = 3, M F = 0 sublevel. However, the precision of our frequency measurements is much better and is only limited at 2·10 −15 by the H-maser used as a reference oscillator. Finally, we show that the relative frequency shift due to cold collisions can be reduced to 10 −15 , while preserving a short-term frequency stability of about 10 −13 τ −1/2 .
We present a new method based on a transfer of population by adiabatic passage that allows one to prepare cold atomic samples with a well-defined ratio of atomic density and atom number. This method is used to perform a measurement of the cold collision frequency shift in a laser cooled cesium clock at the percent level, which makes the evaluation of the cesium fountain accuracy at the 10(-16) level realistic. With improvements, the adiabatic passage would allow measurements of density-dependent phase shifts at the 10(-3) level in high precision experiments.
Abstract Effcient population transfer and motional state control are important for optical lattice clocks and precision experiments with lattice-trapped neutral atoms. Here we experimentally investigate adiabatic rapid passage (ARP) on the clock transition of a one-dimensional 87 Sr optical lattice clock and develop a mode-resolved model for ARP on motional sidebands. On the carrier transition, ARP enables robust internal-state transfer with a maximum excitation fraction of 0.98(2). On the blue motional sideband, ARP increases the maximum excitation fraction from 0.47(2) to 0.55(3), and the measured dynamics are consistently reproduced by the mode-resolved model. The model further predicts that the sideband transfer effciency can exceed 0.88 when the carrier Rabi frequency is increased to 15 kHz. Applying ARP to the red-sideband cooling reduces the axial mean vibrational occupation to approximately 0.038, corresponding to a motional ground-state population of 0.96. These results provide a quantitative basis for designing ARP excitation on motional sidebands and for optimizing sideband cooling in lattice-trapped atoms, with direct relevance to coherent state preparation in optical lattice clocks and related precision-measurement experiments in neutral atoms.