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Physical Review A

Berry’s phase in a two-level atom

Surya P. Tewari

Published Jun 1, 1989• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Berry's phase in the coherent excitation of a two-level atom is shown to be an observable effect, as a shift of the side bands of the Mollow's triplet. Berry's phase effects, the adiabatic following model, and nonadiabatic evolution of a two-level atom are discussed in a unified manner.
DOI
10.1103/physreva.39.6082

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The adiabatic variation of a Hamiltonian can cause the wavefunction, governed by the Hamiltonian, to acquire an unexpected phase. The existence of this phase (Berry's phase) is an additional element in the well-known quantum adiabatic theorem. Berry's phase is observable in the interference between two identically prepared systems only one of which is adiabatically varied. We show that a single quantum system prepared in a superposition of the eigenstates of its Hamiltonian leads to observable Berry phase effects at all times. We examine this principle within the context of two-level optical resonance.
A theoretical analysis of Berry's phases, which is based on the Cartan subalgebra, is given for three-level atomic systems. The analysis is developed under the adiabatic approximation and is related to topological fibre bundle theories. The topological Berry's phases derived in the present study, are related to phase shifts and can be applied, also, for partial cycles. Some possible applications of the present theory are discussed, for three-level and two-level atomic systems, interacting with nearly resonant monochromatic fields, under the semiclassical and rotating-wave approximations.
A formalism for calculating Berry phases for nonadiabatic systems containing an additional adiabatic time dependence is developed. This is then applied to a two-level atom in a strong resonant polarized laser, where the laser polarization provides the adiabatic parameter. It is found that, when the laser polarization is kept constant, judicious polarization choices allow one to eliminate either the rotating-wave or non-rotating-wave part of the interaction. Furthermore, the adiabatic Berry phasor obtained when the laser polarization is varied is found to be complex. This can be compared to the case of purely adiabatic time-reversal even systems, which can only have real Berry phasors.
We examine the role of Berry's geometrical phase [Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 392, 45 (1984)] in the coherent excitation of atoms. The dynamics of a two-level atom prepared in a superposition of its eigenstates will be modified in a nontrivial fashion by the Berry phase. We extend Berry's formalism to treat the Liouville equation for the density matrix. This extension allows us to discuss statistical mixtures and to incorporate Berry's phase within the well-known Bloch-vector description of optical resonance. Furthermore, our density-matrix formalism provides the means of investigating Berry's phase in open, dissipative systems.