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Physical Review A

Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen correlations, quantum teleportation, entanglement swapping, and special relativity

Luiz Carlos Ryff

Published Dec 1, 1999• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is shown that quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping can be easily derived from Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations and special relativity. This raises the question of what is really teleported in a teleportation experiment. It is also shown that the behavior of two photons that arrive together at a beam splitter can be seen as a particular case of a nonlocal effect in which they arrive ``together'' at two different beam splitters.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.60.5083

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It is shown that quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping can be easily derived from Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations and special relativity. This raises the question of what is really teleported in a teleportation experiment. It is also shown that the behavior of two photons that arrive together at a beam splitter can be seen as a particular case of a nonlocal effect in which they arrive ``together'' at two different beam splitters.
It is shown that quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping can be easily derived from Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen correlations and special relativity (SR). A recent proposal of entanglement swapping via delayed-choice experiment is discussed by means of a concrete example. Experiments in decoherence in high-Q cavities are briefly examined from the point of view of SR. It is argued that although decoherence can explain why we never see a Schrödinger ‘cat’ which is dead and alive at the same time, this approach apparently does little to explain the cat's ‘real’ state.
Entangled quantum systems can connect to the environment via a Bell state measurement. This applies, for example, to teleportation and entanglement swapping. Although the results are well understood, it is not entirely clear whether they involve nonlocal action or whether they are predetermined. This can best be decided from a model, provided it predicts the key measurement results. Models based on the fact that the partners of an entangled pair have the same value of a statistical parameter cannot be applied here. This is because the partner particles of the resulting entangled states after a teleportation or an entanglement swapping never had contact before. The question then is, what connects entangled photons? Therefore, this paper presents a local realistic model that reproduces the quantum mechanical predictions for expectation values with polarization measurements, but is not based on shared statistical parameters. Instead, the coupling of the entangled particles is based on initial conditions and conservation of spin angular momentum. The model refutes Bell's theorem and also explains teleportation and entanglement swapping in a local way. The manuscript is thus a step forward toward a complete theory describing quantum physical reality as thought possible by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen.
The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) nonlocality puzzle has been recognized as one of the most important unresolved issues in the foundational aspects of quantum mechanics. We show that the problem is more or less entirely resolved, if the quantum correlations are calculated directly from local quantities, which preserve the phase information in the quantum system. We assume strict locality for the probability amplitudes instead of local realism for the outcomes and calculate an amplitude correlation function. Then the experimentally observed correlation of outcomes is calculated from the square of the amplitude correlation function. Locality of amplitudes implies that measurement on one particle does not collapse the companion particle to a definite state. Apart from resolving the EPR puzzle, this approach shows that the physical interpretation of apparently “nonlocal” effects, such as quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping, are different from what is usually assumed. Bell-type measurements do not change distant states. Yet the correlations are correctly reproduced, when measured, if complex probability amplitudes are treated as the basic local quantities. As examples, we derive the quantum correlations of two-particle maximally entangled states and the three-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entangled state.
The existence of nonlocal Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations between pairs of human brains has been indicated in Grinberg-Zylberbaum et al. experiments (GZEs) and several other subsequent experiments. In this paper a modification of GZEs is proposed and discussed by means of a simple model. The proposed experiment, inspired by the famous Innsbruck experiment on quantum teleportation performed by Zeilinger et al., is as a sort of consciousness-related quantum teleportation, and it involves three subjects in the entanglement scheme of the Innsbruck experiment. The proposed experiment is believed to be not only an improvement of the original GZEs but also the core of new types of experiments and investigations of the foundations of quantum mechanical consciousness.
An unknown quantum state can be teleported by using quantum measurements and the maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pair. It is well known that the usual nonclassical teleportation that cannot be simulated by the seminal classical measure-prepare strategy can be demonstrated with all entangled states. Herein, we propose a benchmark which reveals that not all such nonclassical teleportations are truly quantum mechanical. Rather, there exists a more robust classical-teleportation model, which includes the measure-prepare mimicry as a special case, that can describe certain nonclassical teleportations. Invalidating such a general classical model indicates genuine quantum teleportation wherein both the pair state and the measurement are truly quantum mechanical. We prove that EPR steering empowers genuine quantum teleportations, rather than entanglement. The benchmark can be readily used in practical experiments for ensuring that genuine quantum teleportation is implemented. The results presented herein provide strict criteria for implementing quantum-information processing where genuine quantum teleportation is indispensable.