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Journal of Contemporary Physics (Armenian Academy of Sciences)

Use of sub-Doppler optical resonances for measurement of weak magnetic fields by means of extremely thin rubidium vapor cell

Armen D. Sargsyan, G. Hakhumyan, David G. Sarkisyan

Published Feb 27, 2012• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study experimentally and theoretically D 1 lines of 85Rb and 87Rb atoms and show that using atomic-velocity-selective optical resonances which are formed in the transmission spectrum of an atomic rubidium-filled submicron cell at single pass of linearly polarized laser radiation, it is possible to measure weak magnetic fields beginning with 5 G. Having in mind the results obtained earlier with use of also submicron cell with 87Rb (D 1 line) and circularly polarized laser radiation, the entire range of measurable magnetic fields (both homogeneous and inhomogeneous) becomes 5–5000 G.

DOI
10.3103/s1068337212020041

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Optics and Spectroscopy•Aug 1, 2015•4 citations
We study experimentally and theoretically D 1 lines of 85Rb and 87Rb atoms and show that using atomic-velocity-selective optical resonances which are formed in the transmission spectrum of an atomic rubidium-filled submicron cell at single pass of linearly polarized laser radiation, it is possible to measure weak magnetic fields beginning with 5 G. Having in mind the results obtained earlier with use of also submicron cell with 87Rb (D 1 line) and circularly polarized laser radiation, the entire range of measurable magnetic fields (both homogeneous and inhomogeneous) becomes 5–5000 G.
An extremely thin cell with a wedge gap was developed that makes it possible to form a column of Rb atom vapor with thickness in the range from 100 to 600 nm. It is experimentally shown that the use of this cell, along with commercially available diode lasers, allows one to spectrally resolve individual transitions between the Zeeman sublevels of the hyperfine structure of the 87Rb D 1 line (transitions F g =1, 2→F e =1, 2) in the resonance fluorescence spectrum in the presence of an external magnetic field (B≈200 G). This makes it possible to realize systems consisting of nondegenerate atomic levels. For comparison, it is shown that transitions between the Zeeman sublevels in the fluorescence spectrum obtained with the aid of a conventional cell (1–10 cm long) in an external magnetic field with B∼200 G remain completely masked by the Doppler-broadened profile. The results obtained can be used for the creation of a simple magnetometer based on an extremely thin cell with Rb vapor for the measurement of magnetic fields with a submicron local spatial resolution.
It is shown experimentally that use of fluorescence and transmission spectra obtained from nanocells with the thickness of column of rubidium atomic vapor L = λ/2 and L = λ, respectively (λ = 794 nm is the wavelength of laser radiation close to resonance with D 1-line transition of Rb atoms), by means of a narrowband diode laser allows spectral separation and study of variations of probabilities of atomic transitions between ground and excited states of hfs of D 1 lines of 85Rb and 87Rb atoms in the range of magnetic fields from 10 to 5000 G. Small thickness of atomic vapor column (∼390 nm and ∼794 nm) allows applying permanent magnets simplifying essentially creation of strong magnetic fields. Advantages of this technique are discussed as compared with the technique of saturated absorption. The obtained results show that a nanocell with submicrom thickness of vapor column may serve as a basis for designing a magnetometer with submicron local spatial resolution which is important in case of measuring strongly inhomogeneous magnetic fields. Experimental data are in good agreement with the theoretical results.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance, along with peculiarities of the accompanying velocity selective optical pumping/saturation (VSOP) resonances, have been studied using a thin cell with the thickness of Rb vapor column varying in L = 10-700 &mgr;m range, as well as using an extremely thin cell (ETC) with the thickness varying in the range of radiation wavelength &lgr; = 780 nm (L = 0.5&lgr; - 2.5&lgr;). The &Lgr;-systems on D2 line of 85Rb and 87Rb have been studied experimentally with the use of bichromatic radiation of two separate diode lasers. It is demonstrated that size-conditioned strongly anisotropic contribution of atoms with different velocities in ETC results in several dramatic distinctions in formation of EIT and VSOP resonances in ETC, as compared with ordinary cm-size cell. The boundary between these two regimes falls on L ~ 10 &mgr;m. Theoretical model taking into account the peculiarities of the transmission spectra as a function of the ratio L/&lgr; is developed. The experimental transmission spectra are well described by the theoretical model.
Sub-Doppler nature of atomic spectra in alkali metal vapor cells of nanometric thickness L (nanocells) allows one to study peculiarities of magneto-optical processes, which occur in a magnetic field for the case when L is of the order of λ (λ is a laser resonant wavelength). We particularly address the issues of practical implementation of the studied processes. The following results are presented. i) A "λ-Zeeman technique" exploiting velocity-selective optical pumping resonances in L = λ Rb cell placed in a B-field, which allows direct determination frequency shifts and modification of transition probabilities of individual Zeeman transitions in magnetic field and is applicable for development of wide-range (~ 0.1 - 1000 mT) optical magnetometers and tunable frequency reference. ii) A technique for locking the laser radiation frequency, B-field-tunable in ~ 500 MHz range, which is based on selective reflection of a circularly-polarized laser beam from Rb vapor cell with thickness L ≈ λ/2.
The energy levels of atoms placed in an external magnetic field undergo frequency shifts and changes in their transition probabilities. It is demonstrated that using fluorescence spectra from a submicron thin vapour cell (STC) with the thickness L = λ/2, it is possible to efficiently study the above mentioned changes (“half-λ Zeeman technique” (HLZT)). The circularly polarized beam of extended-cavity diode laser (λ = 794 nm, laser bandwidth γL < 1 MHz) resonant with 87Rb D1 transition, after passing through Faraday isolator is directed onto the Rb STC with the thickness L = λ/2. The temperature of the STC is 120 °C, corresponding to N ~ 1013 atom/cm3. STC was provided by a special oven with 3 openings: 2 inlets for laser beam passage, and one orthogonal inlet for side fluorescence detection. This geometry allows simultaneous recording of fluorescence and transmission spectra. STC with the oven is placed between two strong permanent ring magnets and by changing the distance between them it is possible to form a strong magnetic field up to 4500 G. In [1], “λ-Zeeman technique” (LZT) is shown to be efficient to study individual transitions between the Zeeman sublevels of hyperfine levels in an external magnetic field up to 2400 G. LZT uses STC with thickness L = λ, where λ is 794 nm (780 nm) for D1 line (D2 line) of Rb. Narrow velocity selective optical pumping/saturation (VSOP) resonances in the transmission spectrum of the STC are split into several components in the magnetic field; their frequency positions and probabilities depend on the B-field. We present comparison of HLZT and LZT in a wide region of magnetic fields up to 4500 G. We present the fluorescence spectrum for L = λ/2 and the transmission spectrum for L = λ. The VSOP resonances in the LZT-curve are narrower meanwhile the advantage of HLZT is that the fluorescence appears on a flat background. Applications such as magnetometer with high spatial resolution and the theoretical model describing well the experiment will be presented.
Atomic transitions of 85Rb and 87Rb isotopes in a strong transverse magnetic field with induction of up to 7 kG have been studied experimentally. High spectral resolution is achieved owing to the application of the linear Doppler-free spectroscopy method to a nanometric thin cell with the thickness of L = λ/2 = 390 nm, where λ is the wavelength of laser emission tuned to the resonance with the Rb D 2-line (λ/2-method). It has been observed that the number of atomic transitions in the transmission spectrum of linearly polarized (π) radiation decreases from 64 down to 20 transitions as the field strength increases above B > 5 kG. Four atomic transitions (two of 85Rb and two of 87Rb), which are forbidden in the absence of magnetic field, acquire significant strength in the strong magnetic field. Experimental results are in a good agreement with theory. Several practical applications of alkali-vapor-filled nanometric thin cells have been proposed.