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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering in photonic crystal fibers

Dominique Elser, Christoffer Wittmann, Ulrik L. Andersen, O. Glöckl, Stefan Lorenz, Christoph Marquardt, Gerd Leuchs

Published Dec 1, 2007• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In silica glass fibers, thermally excited acoustic phonons scatter light into the beam propagating in the forward direction. At acoustic frequencies up to several hundreds of megahertz, the wave vectors of the phonons interacting with the light propagate essentially transversally to the fiber axis. This effect is known as Guided Acoustic Wave Brillouin Scattering (GAWBS) and leads to phase and polarization noise in the guided light. For fiber-based quantum optics experiments, this excess noise is a major limitation. In Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs), light is guided by a microstructure simultaneously acting as a 2D transversal phononic crystal which modifies the acoustic noise spectrum. We demonstrate a GAWBS-noise reduction in commercially available PCFs. This gives rise to the prospect of fiber-based quantum optic devices exhibiting less excess noise, thus resulting in higher quantum state purity. Further improvement can be achieved by tailoring the photonic microstructure such that a reduction of phonon noise by design is achieved.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/92/1/012108

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In silica glass fibers, thermally excited acoustic phonons scatter light into the beam propagating in the forward direction. At acoustic frequencies up to several hundreds of megahertz, the wave vectors of the phonons interacting with the light propagate essentially transversally to the fiber axis. This effect is known as Guided Acoustic Wave Brillouin Scattering (GAWBS) and leads to phase and polarization noise in the guided light. For fiber-based quantum optics experiments, this excess noise is a major limitation. In Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs), light is guided by a microstructure simultaneously acting as a 2D transversal phononic crystal which modifies the acoustic noise spectrum. We demonstrate a GAWBS-noise reduction in commercially available PCFs. This gives rise to the prospect of fiber-based quantum optic devices exhibiting less excess noise, thus resulting in higher quantum state purity. Further improvement can be achieved by tailoring the photonic microstructure such that a reduction of phonon noise by design is achieved.
Thermally excited transverse phonons in glass fibers generate guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) which afflicts the propagating light with phase and polarization noise. This excess noise is a major limitation for fiber-based squeezing sources as well as for the transmission of quantum information through fibers. In order to achieve quantum states of high quality it is therefore important to reduce the harmful effect of GAWBS. The thermal nature of GAWBS naturally allows for a reduction by cooling the fiber. Alternatively, subtracting the correlated noise of two closely spaced pulses leads to a cancellation. These methods, however, are inconvenient for fiber-based squeezing sources and inapplicable in practical quantum information transmission systems.
Guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) is a major obstacle in fiber-based quantum and high-speed classical communication systems as well as in interferometry. The transverse phonons driving it modulate the light field in the fiber core, adding thermal noise to the signal. To this day, there is no known method to eliminate GAWBS from the fiber or to compensate its effects completely. In this letter, we present twisted photonic crystal fibers (t-PCF) as the first-ever fiber system allowing a complete removal of mixed torsional radial GAWBS in a Stokes basis. The torsional radial modes modulate the fiber asymmetrically in the transverse direction, resulting in linear birefringence. While pure phase modulation is added as common noise in the guided fiber modes and can be easily removed through self-referencing, linear birefringence induces polarization modulation, which cannot be counteracted. In t-PCFs, the transverse symmetry of the geometry translates to multiple symmetries in the acoustic and optical domains in the circular basis. This enables equal phase accumulation in certain orientations in the two optical modes. Through experiments and theory, we show that the GAWBS-induced phase can be compensated down to the quantum-noise limit by self-referencing in a symmetric interferometer with Stokes detection.
We give a quantum theoretical analysis of squeezed light generation via nondegenerate four-wave mixing in an optical fiber. The medium is modeled by an ensemble of anharmonic oscillators and loss is included. We include the coupling to acoustic phonons which gives rise to guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS). The GAWBS introduces random noise which destroys the squeezing at room temperatures. By cooling the fiber to temperatures ~2 K the GAWBS is substantially reduced and the observation of squeezing becomes possible. A comparison is made with the recent experimental results of Levenson et al.1, 2 A scheme to suppress the GAWBS at room temperatures using a two-frequency pump and difference detection is analyzed and the conditions in which good squeezing results are determined.
This thesis presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of polarisation squeezing in photonic crystal fibre. Squeezing is the reduction of quantum noise in one variable beyond the Heisenberg limit at the expense of increased noise in the conjugate. The greater confinement of light that is possible in photonic crystal fibres leads to a greater effective nonlinearity, which promises to yield greater quantum squeezing than is possible in standard optical fibre. There are two dominant noise sources that limit the degree of polarisation squeezing. Raman noise is the interaction of photons with phonons in the fibre medium the degree of which is characteristic of the fibre medium and scales inversely with pulse width. And guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering is due to thermally excited mechanical eigenmodes which scales with fibre length. The larger nonlinearity of photonic crystal fibres allows shorter fibre lengths with larger pulse widths providing a means to significantly reduce the dominant noise sources and obtain polarisation squeezing beyond that of ordinary silica fibre. This thesis presents an extensive quantum treatment using the truncated Wigner method that includes loss, a non-instantaneous Raman response, excess phase-noise, second- and third- order dispersion and self-steepening to identify the physical factors that limit current photonic crystal fibre squeezing experiments and demonstrate the optimal parameters to obtain the best squeezing.
We report a comprehensive experimental study of spontaneous Brillouin scattering in a few-mode optical fiber, resolving both forward and backward scattering processes for intra- and inter-modal interactions. Using heterodyne detection, Stokes and anti-Stokes components without external acoustic excitation are observed and quantitatively extracted Brillouin shifts, linewidths, and gain coefficients. Forward scattering is mediated by guided torsional-radial acoustic modes with frequencies ranging from MHz to GHz, while backward scattering involves longitudinal core-guided modes at frequencies of tens of GHz. These results provide calibrated benchmarks for Brillouin interactions in few-mode fibers, offering insights relevant to phonon-based quantum applications and mode-selective optomechanics.