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Journal of Modern Optics

Precision Measurement of the2

A.S. Bell, Patrick Robert Gill, H. Arthur Klein, Andrew P. Levick, W. R. C. Rowley

Published Feb 1, 1992• 37 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The 4f13 6s2 2F7/2–4f14 5d 2D5/2 3·43 μm infrared transition in 172Yb+ has been driven for the first time and measured to be 87 360 087(4) MHz. The frequency was determined by probing a cloud of 172Yb+ ions held in a radiofrequency trap in the presence of helium buffer gas. The infrared radiation was generated by difference frequency mixing in LiNbO3. The frequency measurement is part of a programme to locate the 4f14 6s 2S1/2–4f13 6s2 2F7/2 467 nm ultra-narrow transition in laser-cooled Yb+.

DOI
10.1080/09500349214550371

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The 4f13 6s2 2F7/2–4f14 5d 2D5/2 3·43 μm infrared transition in 172Yb+ has been driven for the first time and measured to be 87 360 087(4) MHz. The frequency was determined by probing a cloud of 172Yb+ ions held in a radiofrequency trap in the presence of helium buffer gas. The infrared radiation was generated by difference frequency mixing in LiNbO3. The frequency measurement is part of a programme to locate the 4f14 6s 2S1/2–4f13 6s2 2F7/2 467 nm ultra-narrow transition in laser-cooled Yb+.
The 4${\mathit{f}}^{14}6s6s6s{\mathrm{}}^{2}$${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$--4${\mathit{f}}^{14}$5d${\mathrm{}}^{2}$${\mathit{D}}_{5/2}$ 411-nm transition in 172Yb+^{172}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}172Yb+ has been measured to be 729 476 868(11) MHz. The frequency was determined by probing a cold cloud of a few 172Yb+^{172}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}172Yb+ ions held in a radio-frequency trap. The frequency measurement is part of a program to locate the 4${\mathit{f}}^{14}6s6s6s{\mathrm{}}^{2}$${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$--4${\mathit{f}}^{13}$6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$${\mathrm{}}^{2}$${\mathit{F}}_{7/2}$ 467-nm ultranarrow transition in laser-cooled ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{+}$. The 4${\mathit{f}}^{13}$6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$${\mathrm{}}^{2}$${\mathit{F}}_{7/2}$--4${\mathit{f}}^{13}$5d6s${\mathrm{}}^{1}$D[K= 5/2${]}_{\mathit{J}=5/2}$ transition at 638 nm has been driven in order to depopulate the 4${\mathit{f}}^{13}$6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$${\mathrm{}}^{2}$F7/2{\mathit{F}}_{7/2}F7/2​ state.
The 2S1/2 (F = 0) - 2F7/2 (F = 3, m F = 0) transition at 467 nm in a single, trapped, laser cooled ion of 171Yb+ has the potential to be an extremely accurate optical frequency reference. Systematic shifts have been evaluated and are currently dominated by the ac-Stark shift. However, this is not expected to be the case as probe laser linewidth is reduced. A heterodyne measurement of the probe laser shows it to have a width of 20 Hz on a 1 minute timescale. The atomic spectrum on the other hand, has been found to have a broadened width of 200 Hz. Using heterodyne detection of light reflected from the trap electrodes, Doppler shifting due to vibration of the trap is identified as the additional source of broadening.
We describe experimental investigations on an optical frequency standard based on a single laser cooled 171Yb+ ion confined in a radiofrequency Paul trap. The 435.5 nm electric-quadrupole transition from the 2S1/2(F=0) groudn state to the 2D3/2(F=2) state is probed using a diode laser system whose short-term frequency stability is derived from an environmentally isolated ULE cavity. The transition is resolved with a Foruier-limited full halfwidth of approximately 30 Hz. The absolute optical transition frequency is determined using a femtosecond frequency comb generator and a Cs fountain clock as the frequency reference. The measured frequency value is 688 358 979 321 Hz at an ambient blackbody radiation field of 300 K. The 1σ fractional uncertainty of this frequency measurement is 1×10-14.
Prospect for Precision Measurement of the Yb2+ 1S0–3P0o^{3}\text{P}_{0}^{o}3P0o​ Transition Frequency
We discuss prospects of precision measurement of the Yb2+ 4f14 1S0–4f13 5d 3P0o^{3}\text{P}_{0}^{o}3P0o​ transition frequency (1.4 × 1015 Hz). Attainable uncertainty of this precision measurement is theoretically estimated. This transition is free from the electric quadrupole shift, and this specific property allows for precision spectroscopy using a multi-ion string Coulomb crystal and contributes to reduction of the statistical uncertainty. A systematic uncertainty of the order 10−18 is attainable because the Stark and Zeeman shifts are small due to the intrinsic level structure of multiply charged ions. This clock transition can be monitored without quantum logical methods by observing the laser-induced fluorescence from the 1S0–3P1o^{3}\text{P}_{1}^{o}3P1o​ transition with a closed optical cycle.
We describe experimental investigations on an optical frequency standard based on a laser cooled 171Yb+ ion confined in a radiofrequency Paul trap. The electric-quadrupole transition from the 2S1/2(F=0) ground state to the 2D3/2(F=2) state at the wavelength of 436 nm is used as the reference transition. The reference transition is probed by a frequency-doubled, frequency-stabilized diode laser and is resolved with a Fourier-limited full halfwidth of approximately 30 Hz. In order to compare two 171Yb+ standards, separate frequency shift and servo systems are employed to stabilise the probe frequency to the reference transition line centers of two independently stored 171Yb+ ions. The present experimental results indicate a relative instability (Allan standard deviation)of the optical frequency difference between the two systems of sigma_y(1000 s)=1.0E-15 and a mean frequency difference of 0.2 Hz. Shifts in the range of several Hertz are observed in the frequency difference if a stationary electric field gradient is superimposed on the radiofrequency trap field. This measurement permits a first experimental estimate of the electric quadrupole moment of the 2D3/2 state of Yb+.