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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Polarization dependence of the mean wavelength of Er-doped superfluorescent fiber sources

Dario G. Falquier, Michel J. F. Digonnet, Gordon S. Kino, H. J. Shaw

Published Dec 21, 1998• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Changes in the pump polarization state are shown to have a large effect on the mean wavelength of erbium-doped superfluorescent fiber sources due to polarization-dependent gain. This effect causes long-term drift as the fiber birefringence in the source changes over time. By depolarizing the pump, this effect is reduced to under 3 ppm, the noise level of our instrument. A second depolarizer is used to compensate for polarization-dependent transmission of the other source components, namely the WDM coupler and the isolator. The resulting source is insensitive to drifts in the fiber birefringence due to environmental effects.

DOI
10.1117/12.333771

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Changes in the pump polarization state are shown to have a large effect on the mean wavelength of erbium-doped superfluorescent fiber sources due to polarization-dependent gain. This effect causes long-term drift as the fiber birefringence in the source changes over time. By depolarizing the pump, this effect is reduced to under 3 ppm, the noise level of our instrument. A second depolarizer is used to compensate for polarization-dependent transmission of the other source components, namely the WDM coupler and the isolator. The resulting source is insensitive to drifts in the fiber birefringence due to environmental effects.
In a doped fiber, at wavelengths close to an absorption, the refractive index, and hence the dispersion, is expected to be a strong function of wavelength, as described by the Kramers-Kronig relationship. Furthermore, this spectral variation itself will be a function of pumping. This paper describes an accurate and sensitive experimental determination of the pump dependence of the refractive index in an erbium-doped fiber amplifier. A Mach-Zehnder interferometric measurement is described where only one arm is comprised of doped fiber. Particular attention is paid to accounting for the significant difference in power levels in the two arms and the effects of polarization and incoherent light. The measured refractive-index change matches well with that theoretically predicted. The pumped and unpumped dispersion of the amplifier are calculated. While the extra dispersion is of similar magnitude to that of silica fiber, the impact on long telecommunications systems is likely to be negligible. However, this extra dispersion may be important in shorter systems such as soliton lasers. Given the good agreement between theory and experiment, the variation of dispersion with fractional inversion is calculated from absorption and gain measurements. The presence of codopants is known to alter the absorption and emission spectra; the effect on the dispersion is calculated, and a near linear dependence on germanium concentration is observed.
The effects of erbium anisotropy in erbium-doped fiber lasers, sources, and amplifiers are examined. Starting from basic ion properties, inversion and gain equations are derived analytically to describe polarization dependencies. A novel matrix form of the Er/sup 3+/ rate equations is presented to propagate powers and polarization states. These equations are then numerically integrated and compared to experimentally observed polarization hole burning and polarization dependent gain. The theoretical predictions agree strongly with experiment in all cases.
One component of polarization-dependent gain (PDG) in optical amplifiers has been shown to originate from polarization hole burning (PHB) in the erbium fibers.1 In this paper we quantify its magnitude for copumped amplifiers under operating conditions typical of those used in long-haul amplified systems. We find that PDG can be significant, even when the polarization state of the signal is circular, and that hole burning due to the polarization of the 1480-nm pump laser contributes significantly to the overall polarization-dependent gain of the fiber.
A superfluorescent fiber source (SFS) based on an Er 3+ -doped photonic crystal fiber (EDPCF) is reported. Owing to the temperature insensitivity of the EDPCF, we show that it is possible to improve the mean wavelength stability of an SFS. Using single-backward configuration, the EDPCF SFS mean wavelength variation at temperatures from −40°C to 60°C is less than 100 ppm, indicating that the thermal coefficient of the EDPCF is smaller than 1 ppm/°C and 3–6 times smaller than those of two conventional Er 3+ -doped fibers under the same experimental conditions. The best performance of the EDPCF-based SFS is obtained between 0°C and 60°C, at which the change in the mean wavelength is only 17.445 ppm.